Differential Diagnosis for Sore Throat
- Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Viral Pharyngitis: This is the most common cause of sore throat, often resulting from upper respiratory tract infections caused by viruses such as rhinovirus, coronavirus, adenovirus, and others. The justification for this being the single most likely diagnosis is its high prevalence and the fact that most sore throats are self-limiting and resolve without specific treatment.
- Other Likely Diagnoses
- Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat): Caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, this condition is less common than viral pharyngitis but significant due to its potential complications if not treated, such as rheumatic fever. The presence of fever, tonsillar exudates, and lack of cough can suggest this diagnosis.
- Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, which can be caused by both viral and bacterial pathogens. Symptoms can include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, and swollen lymph nodes.
- Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx (voice box), often resulting from viral infections or overuse of the voice, leading to hoarseness and sore throat.
- Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Epiglottitis: A potentially life-threatening condition that involves inflammation of the epiglottis, which can lead to airway obstruction. It is less common but critical to identify early due to its severe consequences.
- Peritonsillar Abscess: A collection of pus behind the tonsil that can cause severe throat pain, difficulty swallowing, fever, and can lead to airway obstruction if not treated promptly.
- Lemierre's Syndrome: A rare but serious condition that starts with a sore throat and can progress to include neck pain, fever, and swelling, due to a bacterial infection that spreads through the bloodstream.
- Rare Diagnoses
- Diphtheria: A bacterial infection affecting the throat and upper respiratory tract, characterized by a thick, grey membrane covering the tonsils and throat, which can lead to respiratory and cardiac complications.
- Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, it can present with sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue, often in adolescents and young adults.
- Gonococcal Pharyngitis: A sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which can result in a sore throat, often without other symptoms.