Peripheral Neuropathy: This condition often presents with pain, numbness, or tingling in the extremities, which can worsen at night. The distribution of pain from the anterior calf to the dorsal foot suggests involvement of the peroneal nerve or its branches, which could be due to compression, diabetes, or other metabolic causes.

Muscle Strain or Overuse: Activities that involve repetitive ankle motion can lead to strain in the muscles of the anterior calf, causing pain that radiates to the foot.
Tendinitis: Inflammation of the tendons around the ankle, such as the Achilles tendon or the tendons of the peroneal muscles, can cause pain in the calf and foot, especially with activity and at night.
Plantar Fasciitis: Although primarily causing heel pain, plantar fasciitis can sometimes radiate pain upwards into the calf, especially if the fascia is significantly inflamed.

Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): While less common, DVT can present with calf pain that worsens at night and can radiate to the foot. It's crucial to consider this diagnosis due to its potential for severe complications, such as pulmonary embolism.
Compartment Syndrome: This is a medical emergency where increased pressure within a muscle compartment can lead to nerve and muscle damage. It typically presents with severe pain, especially on palpation, and can occur after intense exercise or trauma.
Neoplastic Processes: Tumors, either benign or malignant, can cause nerve compression or infiltration, leading to pain. Although rare, missing a diagnosis of cancer could have significant consequences.

Tarsal Tunnel Syndrome: This involves compression of the posterior tibial nerve as it travels through the tarsal tunnel on the inner side of the ankle, which can cause pain, numbness, and tingling in the foot.
Erythromelalgia: A disorder characterized by burning pain, heat, and redness in the hands and feet, which can be primary or secondary to other conditions like myeloproliferative diseases.
Complex Regional Pain Syndrome (CRPS): A chronic pain condition that most often affects one of the arms, legs, hands, or feet after an injury or trauma, characterized by intense burning or aching pain.