Differential Diagnosis for Fever and Shivering
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Influenza or Common Cold: These are among the most common causes of fever and shivering, often presenting with additional symptoms such as cough, sore throat, and body aches. The high prevalence of these conditions in the general population makes them a likely initial consideration.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Pneumonia: This can cause fever and shivering, especially in older adults or those with compromised immune systems. Symptoms may also include cough, difficulty breathing, and chest pain.
- Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): UTIs can cause fever and chills, particularly in women. Other symptoms may include dysuria, frequent urination, and abdominal pain.
- Gastroenteritis: Viral or bacterial infections of the gastrointestinal tract can lead to fever, chills, diarrhea, and vomiting.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Sepsis: A life-threatening condition that arises when the body's response to infection causes injury to its own tissues and organs. Fever and chills can be early signs, along with tachycardia, tachypnea, and potentially altered mental status.
- Meningitis: Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, which can be life-threatening if not promptly treated. Symptoms include fever, headache, stiff neck, and confusion.
- Endocarditis: An infection of the heart valves, which can present with fever, new heart murmur, and signs of heart failure. It's more common in individuals with pre-existing heart conditions.
- Pyelonephritis: A kidney infection that can cause severe fever, chills, flank pain, and nausea/vomiting. It requires prompt antibiotic treatment to prevent complications.
Rare Diagnoses
- Brucellosis: A zoonotic infection that can cause fever, chills, and other non-specific symptoms. It's rare but can be seen in individuals who work with animals or consume unpasteurized dairy products.
- Lymphoma: Certain types of lymphoma can present with recurring fevers, night sweats, and weight loss. While rare, it's an important consideration in the differential diagnosis of prolonged or unexplained fever.
- Familial Mediterranean Fever: A genetic disorder that causes recurring episodes of fever, often accompanied by abdominal, chest, or joint pain. It's rare and primarily affects populations from the Mediterranean region.