Differential Diagnosis for Sore Throat
- Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Viral Pharyngitis: This is the most common cause of sore throat, often associated with other symptoms like cough, runny nose, and fever. It's usually self-limiting and caused by viruses such as rhinovirus, coronavirus, or adenovirus.
- Other Likely Diagnoses
- Streptococcal Pharyngitis (Strep Throat): Caused by Group A beta-hemolytic streptococcus, it presents with severe sore throat, fever, and swollen lymph nodes. It's less common than viral pharyngitis but requires antibiotic treatment to prevent complications.
- Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, which can be caused by either viral or bacterial infections. Symptoms include sore throat, difficulty swallowing, and fever.
- Laryngitis: Inflammation of the larynx (voice box), often resulting from viral infections, overuse of the voice, or irritation from acid reflux. It presents with hoarseness, sore throat, and sometimes cough.
- Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Epiglottitis: A severe, potentially life-threatening condition where the epiglottis becomes inflamed, which can lead to airway obstruction. It's more common in children but can occur in adults, especially those with compromised immune systems.
- Peritonsillar Abscess: A collection of pus behind the tonsils that can cause severe sore throat, difficulty swallowing, fever, and sometimes a muffled voice. It requires prompt medical attention, including antibiotics and possibly drainage of the abscess.
- Lemierre's Syndrome: A rare but serious condition that starts with a sore throat, followed by the development of a neck abscess and septicemia due to Fusobacterium necrophorum infection. It's a medical emergency.
- Rare Diagnoses
- Diphtheria: A bacterial infection caused by Corynebacterium diphtheriae, characterized by a sore throat and a greyish membrane covering the tonsils and throat. It's rare in areas with high vaccination coverage but can be deadly if not treated promptly.
- Infectious Mononucleosis (Mono): Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, it presents with sore throat, fever, swollen lymph nodes, and fatigue. While not typically life-threatening, it can lead to complications like splenic rupture.
- Gonococcal Pharyngitis: A sexually transmitted infection caused by Neisseria gonorrhoeae, which can cause sore throat, often without other symptoms. It's essential to consider in individuals with high-risk sexual behavior.