What is the management approach for a cocaine overdose?

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Last updated: September 13, 2025View editorial policy

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Management of Cocaine Overdose

The management of cocaine overdose should prioritize benzodiazepines as first-line treatment, with continuous monitoring of vital signs and targeted interventions for specific complications such as hypertension, hyperthermia, and arrhythmias. 1

Initial Assessment and Stabilization

  • Vital Sign Monitoring: Immediately check temperature, heart rate, blood pressure, and assess level of consciousness and agitation 1
  • Airway Management: Secure airway if consciousness is impaired
  • Seizure Control: Administer benzodiazepines IV for seizure activity
  • Cardiac Monitoring: Continuous ECG monitoring to detect arrhythmias

Pharmacological Management

First-Line Treatment

  • Benzodiazepines: Administer IV in titrated doses 1
    • Start with 2 mg IV midazolam in benzodiazepine-naïve patients
    • Follow with 1 mg/h infusion if needed
    • For difficult IV access in combative patients, consider ketamine IM

Cardiovascular Complications

  • Hypertension: Use vasodilators such as nitrates or calcium channel blockers 1
  • Arrhythmias: Administer sodium bicarbonate or lidocaine for ventricular tachycardia 1
  • Coronary Vasospasm: Use nitroglycerin or other vasodilators 1

Important Contraindications

  • Avoid non-selective beta-blockers as they may worsen coronary vasospasm due to unopposed alpha stimulation 1
  • Caution with labetalol as its beta-blocking effects are more potent than alpha-blocking effects, potentially worsening vasoconstriction 2

Management of Specific Complications

Hyperthermia

  • Implement rapid external cooling measures 1
  • Monitor core temperature continuously

Seizures

  • Use IV diazepam or lorazepam as first-line treatment 1
  • Prepare for potential status epilepticus

Severe Cardiovascular Toxicity

  • Consider intravenous lipid emulsion therapy for refractory cardiovascular instability 3
    • This approach has shown promising results in case reports of severe cocaine toxicity with hemodynamic compromise 4

Ongoing Monitoring and Support

  • Continuous monitoring of oxygen saturation, cardiac activity, blood pressure 1
  • Use capnography when available
  • Adjust sedation by administering additional benzodiazepines for persistent agitation 1
  • Monitor for psychiatric complications during withdrawal 1

Transportation Considerations

  • Maintain continuous monitoring during transport 1
  • Ensure emergency equipment is readily available
  • Communicate with receiving facility about patient status and interventions 1

Pitfalls and Caveats

  • Prolonged physical restraint may increase blood pressure, intracranial pressure, and promote bleeding 1
  • Lidocaine, while used for arrhythmias, may have additive effects with cocaine and potentially lower seizure threshold 2
  • The use of epinephrine in cocaine-induced cardiac arrest is controversial due to already elevated catecholamine levels 2

Follow-up Care

  • Brief interventions (5-30 minutes) with individualized feedback 1
  • Consider referral to addiction treatment services
  • Recommend mutual help groups such as Narcotics Anonymous 1

References

Guideline

Management of Substance Abuse

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Experimental treatments for cocaine toxicity: a difficult transition to the bedside.

The Journal of pharmacology and experimental therapeutics, 2013

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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