Differential Diagnosis for Elevated Ferritin and Anemia
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Anemia of Chronic Disease (ACD): Elevated ferritin can be seen in ACD due to inflammation, and the patient's low hemoglobin (9.1) and hematocrit (27.9) levels indicate anemia. The high MCV (115) and MCH (37.6) values suggest a macrocytic anemia, which can be seen in ACD, especially if there is a component of folate or vitamin B12 deficiency.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Hemochromatosis: Although less likely given the macrocytic anemia, hemochromatosis can cause elevated ferritin levels. However, it typically presents with microcytic anemia due to iron overload.
- Chronic Inflammation: Conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, chronic infections, or other inflammatory diseases can lead to elevated ferritin as an acute-phase reactant.
- Folate or Vitamin B12 Deficiency: These deficiencies can cause macrocytic anemia, and while they do not directly elevate ferritin, they could contribute to the patient's anemia and elevated ferritin in the context of another underlying condition.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Hemophagocytic Lymphohistiocytosis (HLH): A rare but life-threatening condition characterized by excessive immune activation, which can lead to elevated ferritin levels. It's crucial to consider HLH due to its high mortality rate if left untreated.
- Malignancy: Certain cancers, such as lymphomas or leukemias, can cause elevated ferritin levels. Given the potential severity of these conditions, they should not be overlooked.
Rare Diagnoses
- Porphyria Cutanea Tarda: A disorder of heme biosynthesis that can lead to elevated ferritin levels due to iron accumulation.
- Aceruloplasminemia: A rare genetic disorder causing iron accumulation and potentially elevated ferritin levels, though it's more commonly associated with neurological symptoms and diabetes.
- Hyperthyroidism: In some cases, hyperthyroidism can lead to elevated ferritin levels, though this is less common and would typically be accompanied by other symptoms of thyroid disease.