What are the initial steps in managing shock?

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Last updated: September 17, 2025View editorial policy

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Initial Management of Shock

The initial management of shock requires immediate recognition of decreased perfusion, establishing airway and IV/IO access, and administering fluid boluses of 10-20 mL/kg isotonic crystalloid up to 60 mL/kg within the first hour unless hepatomegaly or pulmonary edema develops. 1

Assessment and Recognition

Early recognition of shock is critical for improved outcomes. Signs to assess include:

  • Decreased mental status
  • Capillary refill >2 seconds (cold shock) or flash capillary refill (warm shock)
  • Diminished (cold shock) or bounding (warm shock) peripheral pulses
  • Mottled cool extremities (cold shock)
  • Decreased urine output (<1 mL/kg/h)
  • Abnormal shock index (HR/SBP): >1.2 for ages 1-6, >1.0 for ages 7-12, >0.9 for ages 13-16 2

Immediate Interventions (First 5-15 minutes)

1. Airway and Breathing

  • Ensure airway patency
  • Provide high-flow oxygen
  • Consider early intubation if increased work of breathing, inadequate respiratory effort, or marked hypoxemia 1
  • Note: Volume loading is often necessary before intubation as positive pressure ventilation can reduce preload 1

2. Circulation

  • Establish vascular access (IV/IO) immediately
  • Begin fluid resuscitation:
    • Pediatric patients: 20 mL/kg isotonic saline or colloid boluses up to 60 mL/kg 1
    • Neonates: 10 mL/kg isotonic saline or colloid boluses up to 60 mL/kg 1
  • Reassess after each bolus for signs of improvement or fluid overload
  • Correct hypoglycemia and hypocalcemia 1

3. Medications

  • Start antibiotics within the first hour if septic shock is suspected 2
  • In neonates, consider prostaglandin until ductal-dependent lesion is ruled out 1

Management of Fluid-Refractory Shock (15-60 minutes)

If shock persists despite adequate fluid resuscitation:

1. Initiate Vasoactive Support

  • For cold shock (most common in pediatrics):

    • Start dopamine 5-9 μg/kg/min
    • Add dobutamine up to 10 μg/kg/min if needed
    • If still resistant, add epinephrine 0.05-0.3 μg/kg/min 1, 2
  • For warm shock (distributive/septic):

    • Consider norepinephrine 1, 2
    • Vasopressin may be added at 0.01 units/minute for septic shock, titrated up by 0.005 units/minute at 10-15 minute intervals 3

2. Advanced Monitoring

  • Consider central venous access and arterial pressure monitoring
  • Monitor central venous oxygen saturation (ScvO2) with goal >70%
  • Target cardiac index >3.3 and <6.0 L/min/m² 1

Management of Catecholamine-Resistant Shock (>60 minutes)

If shock persists despite vasoactive medications:

1. Consider Adjunctive Therapies

  • Administer hydrocortisone if at risk for absolute adrenal insufficiency 1, 2
  • Rule out and correct:
    • Pericardial effusion
    • Pneumothorax
    • Ongoing blood loss
    • Intra-abdominal hypertension (pressure >12 mmHg) 1

2. Advanced Hemodynamic Monitoring

  • Consider pulmonary artery catheter or echocardiography to guide therapy 1
  • Adjust therapy based on specific hemodynamic parameters

3. Mechanical Support

  • For refractory shock, consider ECMO, particularly in neonates (80% survival rate in neonatal sepsis) 1
  • For fluid overload >10% despite diuretics, consider CRRT 1

Therapeutic Endpoints

Target the following parameters:

  • Capillary refill ≤2 seconds
  • Normal pulses with no differential between peripheral and central
  • Warm extremities
  • Urine output >1 mL/kg/h
  • Normal mental status
  • Normal blood pressure for age
  • ScvO2 >70%
  • Cardiac index >3.3 L/min/m² 1, 2

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

  1. Delayed recognition: Relying solely on hypotension to identify shock is dangerous as it's often a late finding in pediatric patients 2

  2. Inadequate fluid resuscitation: Failure to administer sufficient fluids early can lead to progression to irreversible shock 1

  3. Inappropriate sedation for intubation: Avoid propofol, thiopental, benzodiazepines, and inhalational agents which can worsen hypotension. Ketamine with atropine premedication is preferred for sedation and intubation in shock 1

  4. Etomidate use: Even one dose used for intubation is independently associated with increased mortality in septic shock due to inhibition of adrenal corticosteroid biosynthesis 1

  5. Failure to identify specific causes: Unrecognized morbidities like pericardial effusion, pneumothorax, ongoing blood loss, or metabolic derangements must be addressed 1

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Pediatric Shock Management

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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