Differential Diagnosis for Fever
- Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Viral upper respiratory tract infection (e.g., common cold, influenza): This is the most common cause of fever, especially in the absence of other specific symptoms. Justification: High prevalence, often presents with non-specific symptoms such as fever, cough, and sore throat.
- Other Likely Diagnoses
- Bacterial infections (e.g., pneumonia, urinary tract infection): These are common causes of fever, especially in certain populations (e.g., elderly, immunocompromised). Justification: Fever is a hallmark symptom, and these infections are prevalent in various settings.
- Influenza: Especially during flu season, influenza is a likely cause of fever. Justification: Seasonal variation, high transmissibility, and characteristic symptoms (e.g., sudden onset, high fever, body aches).
- Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Sepsis: A life-threatening condition that requires prompt recognition and treatment. Justification: Fever can be an early sign, and delayed diagnosis can lead to high mortality.
- Meningitis: A serious infection that can cause fever, headache, and stiff neck. Justification: Fever is often an early symptom, and prompt treatment is crucial to prevent long-term sequelae or death.
- Appendicitis: A surgical emergency that can present with fever, abdominal pain, and vomiting. Justification: Fever can be an early sign, and delayed diagnosis can lead to perforation and increased morbidity.
- Rare Diagnoses
- Tuberculosis: A chronic infection that can cause fever, weight loss, and night sweats. Justification: Although rare in some populations, TB is an important consideration in certain contexts (e.g., immunocompromised, exposure history).
- Endocarditis: A serious infection of the heart valves that can cause fever, heart murmur, and embolic phenomena. Justification: Fever can be an early symptom, and prompt diagnosis is crucial to prevent complications and death.
- Lymphoma: A type of cancer that can cause fever, weight loss, and night sweats. Justification: Although rare, lymphoma is an important consideration in patients with persistent or recurrent fever without a clear source.