Tension headache: This is the most common type of headache and is often described as a band or a squeezing sensation around the forehead, back of the neck, or both, which can also cause soreness on the top of the head. It is usually caused by stress, muscle tension, or poor posture.

Scalp conditions (like psoriasis, eczema, or dermatitis): These conditions can cause inflammation, itching, and soreness on the scalp, including the top of the head.
Hair styling or tight hairstyles: Tight braids, ponytails, or other hairstyles can cause tension on the scalp, leading to soreness.
Sinusitis: Inflammation of the sinuses can cause pain and pressure in the face, including the forehead and top of the head.
Migraine: While migraines often cause pain on one side of the head, some people may experience pain that spreads to the top of the head.

Subarachnoid hemorrhage or other intracranial hemorrhages: Although rare, these conditions can cause sudden, severe headache and are medical emergencies.
Meningitis: Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord can cause severe headache, fever, and stiff neck.
Temporal arteritis: This condition involves inflammation of the blood vessels in the head and can cause severe headache, jaw pain, and vision problems.

Trigeminal neuralgia: A chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which can cause intense pain in the face, including the top of the head.
Occipital neuralgia: Inflammation of the occipital nerves can cause pain in the back and top of the head.
Neurological conditions (like multiple sclerosis or neuropathies): Certain neurological conditions can cause pain, numbness, or tingling sensations on the scalp, including the top of the head.