Differential Diagnosis of Photophobia
- Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Migraine: This is often the most common cause of photophobia, as it is a frequent symptom accompanying migraine headaches. The intense sensitivity to light can exacerbate migraine pain.
- Other Likely Diagnoses
- Dry Eye Syndrome: Irritation and discomfort from dry eyes can lead to photophobia, as the eyes become more sensitive to light.
- Conjunctivitis: Inflammation of the conjunctiva, whether due to infection or allergy, can cause discomfort and sensitivity to light.
- Uveitis: Inflammation of the uvea in the eye can lead to photophobia, among other symptoms like eye pain and vision problems.
- Sinusitis: In some cases, sinus infections can cause referred pain and sensitivity to light.
- Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Meningitis: Although less common, meningitis is a critical diagnosis that must not be missed. Photophobia can be a symptom, along with severe headache, fever, and stiff neck.
- Subarachnoid Hemorrhage: A sudden, severe headache accompanied by photophobia could indicate a subarachnoid hemorrhage, which is a medical emergency.
- Encephalitis: Inflammation of the brain, often due to viral infections, can cause photophobia, along with other severe symptoms like confusion and seizures.
- Rare Diagnoses
- Albinism: People with albinism may experience photophobia due to the lack of pigmentation in their eyes, making them more sensitive to light.
- Retinal Detachment: While not typically the first symptom, photophobia can occur in cases of retinal detachment, especially if there is associated inflammation.
- Corneal Abrasion or Ulcer: Damage to the cornea can lead to photophobia, among other symptoms like pain and blurred vision.
- Porphyria: A group of rare disorders that can cause sensitivity to sunlight, leading to photophobia, among other systemic symptoms.