Differential Diagnosis for Shin Pain and Swelling

Single Most Likely Diagnosis

• Medial Tibial Stress Syndrome (Shin Splints): This is the most common cause of shin pain and swelling, often related to overuse or repetitive stress on the lower legs, commonly seen in runners or individuals who have recently increased their physical activity.

Other Likely Diagnoses

• Stress Fracture: A small crack in one of the bones in the lower leg, usually caused by overuse or repetitive stress, which can lead to pain and swelling.
• Compartment Syndrome: A condition where pressure within the muscle compartments increases, leading to pain, swelling, and potentially serious complications if not addressed.
• Tibial Periostitis: Inflammation of the periosteum, a layer of tissue covering the bone, which can cause pain and swelling in the shin area.

Do Not Miss Diagnoses

• Deep Vein Thrombosis (DVT): A blood clot in the deep veins of the leg, which can cause pain, swelling, and warmth, and is a medical emergency due to the risk of pulmonary embolism.
• Osteomyelitis: An infection of the bone, which can cause pain, swelling, and redness, and requires prompt antibiotic treatment to prevent serious complications.
• Tumor: Although rare, a tumor in the bone or soft tissue of the lower leg can cause pain and swelling, and early diagnosis is crucial for effective treatment.

Rare Diagnoses

• Eosinophilic Fasciitis: A rare condition characterized by inflammation of the fascia, leading to pain, swelling, and skin changes.
• Chronic Exertional Compartment Syndrome: A rare condition where increased pressure within the muscle compartments occurs during exercise, leading to pain and swelling.
• Popliteal Artery Entrapment Syndrome: A rare condition where the popliteal artery is compressed, leading to pain, swelling, and potentially serious vascular complications.