Transient Lingual Papillitis (TLP): This condition is characterized by the appearance of small, painful bumps or vesicles on the tongue, often on the back or edges. It's a common, self-limiting condition that can be caused by various factors including stress, trauma, or viral infections.

Oral Candidiasis: A fungal infection that can cause white patches or bumps on the tongue and other parts of the mouth. It's more common in individuals with weakened immune systems, diabetes, or those who wear dentures.
Lingual Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the lingual tonsils, which are located at the back of the tongue. This can cause bumps or swelling in the area and is often associated with a sore throat or other respiratory infections.
Fordyce Spots: Small, yellowish or white bumps on the tongue that are caused by the abnormal presence of sebaceous glands in the mucosa. They are usually harmless and asymptomatic.

Squamous Cell Carcinoma: Although rare, bumps on the tongue can be a sign of oral cancer, particularly if they are persistent, growing, or associated with other symptoms like difficulty swallowing or a lump in the neck. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment.
Tuberculosis: In rare cases, oral tuberculosis can manifest as bumps or ulcers on the tongue. Given the potential severity of TB, it's essential to consider this diagnosis, especially in individuals with risk factors or systemic symptoms.

Oral Hairy Leukoplakia: A condition associated with Epstein-Barr virus, typically seen in immunocompromised patients, which can cause white patches or bumps on the tongue.
Lingual Thyroid: A rare congenital anomaly where thyroid tissue is present at the back of the tongue, which can form a bump or mass.
Median Rhomboid Glossitis: A benign condition characterized by a smooth, red, flat, or slightly raised lesion in the midline of the tongue, often at the back. It's thought to be a congenital condition or related to chronic candidiasis.