Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): This is the most common cause of urinary urgency and frequency, especially in women. Bacterial infection of the bladder or urethra leads to inflammation, which irritates the bladder and causes the symptoms.

Overactive Bladder: A condition characterized by a sudden, intense urge to urinate, sometimes accompanied by unintentional urination. It can be caused by a variety of factors, including neurological disorders, certain medications, and lifestyle factors.
Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): In men, an enlarged prostate can press against the urethra, affecting urine flow and leading to symptoms of urinary frequency, urgency, and difficulty starting urination.
Diabetes Mellitus: High blood sugar levels can lead to increased urine production, causing frequent urination. Additionally, diabetes can lead to nerve damage (diabetic neuropathy), which can affect bladder control.

Kidney Stones: Small stones in the urinary tract can cause severe pain, nausea, and vomiting, in addition to urinary urgency and frequency. Missing this diagnosis can lead to severe complications, including kidney damage.
Bladder Cancer: While less common, bladder cancer can cause urinary symptoms, including frequency and urgency. Early detection is crucial for effective treatment.
Neurogenic Bladder: Conditions affecting the brain, spinal cord, or nerves, such as multiple sclerosis, stroke, or spinal cord injury, can disrupt normal bladder function, leading to urinary urgency and frequency.

Interstitial Cystitis: A chronic condition causing bladder pressure, bladder pain, and sometimes pelvic pain. The symptoms can worsen as the bladder fills and may improve with urination.
Tuberculosis of the Urinary Tract: A rare infection that can cause urinary frequency, urgency, and other systemic symptoms like fever and weight loss.
Sarcoidosis: A condition where inflammatory cells form in various parts of the body, including the kidneys and bladder, potentially causing urinary symptoms.