Oppositional Defiant Disorder (ODD): Characterized by a pattern of angry/irritable mood, argumentative/defiant behavior, or vindictiveness lasting at least 6 months, as evidenced by at least four symptoms from any of the following categories: often argues with authority figures or, for children and adolescents, with adults; deliberately annoys others; often blames others for his or her mistakes; is often touchy or easily annoyed; is often angry and resentful; and is often spiteful or vindictive. The behavior issues, including hitting other kids, being easily provoked, and using foul language to adults, align closely with the diagnostic criteria for ODD.

Conduct Disorder (CD): Involves a pattern of behavior in which the basic rights of others or major age-appropriate societal norms or rules are violated. This includes aggression to people and animals, destruction of property, deceitfulness or theft, and serious violations of rules. The behaviors described could be indicative of CD, especially if they are severe and persistent.
Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder (ADHD): Primarily characterized by symptoms of inattention, hyperactivity, and impulsivity. While ADHD does not directly cause aggressive behavior, impulsivity can lead to actions that are perceived as aggressive or disruptive, such as hitting or using foul language without fully considering the consequences.
Disruptive Mood Dysregulation Disorder (DMDD): Characterized by severe recurrent temper outbursts that are grossly out of proportion in intensity or duration to the situation. The symptoms must be present in at least two settings (e.g., home and school) and the mood between temper outbursts is persistently irritable or angry most of the day, nearly every day. The description of being easily provoked and having significant behavioral issues could suggest DMDD.

Traumatic Brain Injury (TBI): Certain types of TBI can lead to significant behavioral changes, including increased aggression and impulsivity. It's crucial to inquire about any history of head injuries.
Substance Abuse: Though less common in a 10-year-old, substance use can lead to significant behavioral changes, including aggression and poor judgment.
Psychotic Disorders: Early onset psychotic disorders, such as schizophrenia, can present with behavioral disturbances and should be considered, especially if there are other symptoms such as hallucinations or delusions.
Neurodevelopmental Disorders: Conditions like autism spectrum disorder can sometimes present with behavioral challenges, including aggression, especially if there are difficulties with social interactions or communication.

Intermittent Explosive Disorder: Characterized by recurrent behavioral outbursts representing a failure to control aggressive impulses. While it could be considered, it's less common in children and typically involves more discrete episodes of aggression.
Pediatric Bipolar Disorder: Can present with irritability and aggressive behavior, but it's relatively rare and diagnosis can be challenging.
Neurodegenerative Disorders: Certain rare neurodegenerative disorders can present with behavioral changes, including aggression, but these would be exceptionally rare in a 10-year-old without other significant symptoms.