Asthma: A common condition characterized by inflammation and constriction of the airways, often presenting with a dry cough, especially at night or after exertion. The chronic nature of asthma and its prevalence make it a leading consideration for a dry cough.

Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Stomach acid reflux can irritate the throat, leading to a dry cough. This condition is common and can be exacerbated by lying down or eating certain foods.
Postnasal Drip (Upper Airway Secretion Syndrome): Mucus from the nose can drip down the back of the throat, triggering a dry cough. This is a frequent cause of dry cough, especially in individuals with allergies or sinusitis.
Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): While more commonly associated with a productive cough, COPD can also present with a dry cough, especially in early stages or in patients with a significant smoking history.
Influenza or Common Cold: Viral infections can cause a dry cough, which may be accompanied by other symptoms like fever, sore throat, and body aches.

Pneumonia: Although pneumonia often presents with a productive cough, it can initially manifest as a dry cough, especially in older adults or those with weakened immune systems. Missing this diagnosis can have severe consequences.
Pulmonary Embolism: A sudden onset of dry cough, especially if accompanied by chest pain or shortness of breath, could indicate a pulmonary embolism, a potentially life-threatening condition.
Lung Cancer: A persistent dry cough in a smoker or someone with a history of smoking should raise concern for lung cancer. Early detection is crucial for treatment outcomes.
Tuberculosis (TB): A chronic dry cough, particularly in individuals from endemic areas or with risk factors like immunosuppression, should prompt consideration of TB due to its public health implications and the need for early treatment.

Sarcoidosis: An autoimmune disease that can affect the lungs, causing a dry cough among other symptoms. It's less common but should be considered in patients with systemic symptoms like fever, weight loss, or skin lesions.
Eosinophilic Pneumonia: A rare condition characterized by an accumulation of eosinophils in the lungs, which can cause a dry cough, often accompanied by fever and respiratory distress.
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis: A chronic and progressive disease of the lungs, leading to scarring and a dry cough. It's a diagnosis of exclusion, often considered after other causes have been ruled out.