Are anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) medications considered immunotherapy?

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Last updated: March 19, 2025View editorial policy

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From the Guidelines

Yes, anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) medications are considered a type of immunotherapy. These medications, including infliximab, adalimumab, etanercept, certolizumab pegol, and golimumab, work by targeting and blocking tumor necrosis factor (TNF), a protein involved in systemic inflammation, as described in the study published in Autoimmunity Reviews 1. Anti-TNF drugs are classified as biologic response modifiers or biologics, which are a subset of immunotherapy that specifically modulates the immune system's function.

Key Points About Anti-TNF Medications

  • They are commonly prescribed for autoimmune conditions like rheumatoid arthritis, psoriasis, inflammatory bowel diseases (Crohn's disease and ulcerative colitis), and ankylosing spondylitis.
  • These medications are typically administered via injection or infusion at regular intervals, with dosing regimens varying by specific medication and condition being treated.
  • Patients should be aware that by suppressing part of the immune response, anti-TNF therapy can increase the risk of infections and requires tuberculosis screening before initiation, as noted in guidelines from the American Gastroenterological Association 1.
  • The effectiveness of these medications stems from their ability to interrupt the inflammatory cascade that causes tissue damage in autoimmune diseases, providing targeted immunomodulation rather than the broad immunosuppression seen with older treatments.

Recent Guidelines and Recommendations

The most recent guideline from 2024 by the American Gastroenterological Association suggests the use of infliximab, golimumab, and other medications for the management of moderate-to-severe ulcerative colitis, highlighting the role of anti-TNF medications in treating autoimmune conditions 1. This guideline emphasizes the importance of considering the efficacy and safety of these medications in clinical practice, aligning with the principle of prioritizing morbidity, mortality, and quality of life as outcomes.

Conclusion Not Needed, Direct Answer Provided

The use of anti-TNF medications as immunotherapy is supported by recent and high-quality evidence, emphasizing their role in managing autoimmune diseases by modulating the immune system's response 1.

From the FDA Drug Label

Of those in response at Week 4 who attained remission during the study, patients in the HUMIRA every other week group maintained remission for a longer time than patients in the placebo maintenance group. Patients who had previously received a TNF blocker were allowed to enroll if they had previously had loss of response or intolerance to that TNF blocker.

The FDA drug label does not answer the question.

From the Research

Definition of Immunotherapy

Immunotherapy refers to the treatment of diseases by modifying or manipulating the immune system.

Classification of Anti-TNF Medications

Anti-Tumor Necrosis Factor (TNF) medications are considered a type of biologic drug that targets specific components of the immune system [(2,3,4)]. They work by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the body, which plays an essential role in the immune response to invading pathogens.

Mechanism of Action

The mechanism of action of anti-TNF medications involves blocking the action of TNF, a pro-inflammatory cytokine that affects various aspects of the immune reaction [(3,5,4)]. This blockade can lead to a reduction in inflammation and immune system activity.

Therapeutic Implications

Anti-TNF medications have therapeutic value in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders such as rheumatoid arthritis, Crohn's disease, and psoriasis [(2,3,4)]. They are considered a form of immunotherapy because they modify the immune system's response to reduce inflammation and disease activity.

Key Points

  • Anti-TNF medications are biologic drugs that target specific components of the immune system [(2,3,4)]
  • They work by inhibiting tumor necrosis factor (TNF) in the body [(2,3,5,4)]
  • Anti-TNF medications have therapeutic value in the treatment of chronic inflammatory disorders [(2,3,4)]
  • They are considered a form of immunotherapy because they modify the immune system's response [(2,3,4,6)]

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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