Should water-soluble vitamins be used in dialysis patients?

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Last updated: September 29, 2025View editorial policy

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Water-Soluble Vitamins in Dialysis Patients

Water-soluble vitamins should be monitored and supplemented in dialysis patients due to increased requirements during kidney failure and significant losses during kidney replacement therapy. 1

Rationale for Supplementation

Water-soluble vitamins are particularly vulnerable in dialysis patients due to:

  • Increased requirements during kidney failure and critical illness
  • Significant losses in dialysate during treatment
  • Poor nutritional intake in many dialysis patients

Specific Vitamin Losses and Requirements

High Priority Vitamins

  • Vitamin C: Daily losses of approximately 68 mg in effluent during continuous kidney replacement therapy 1
  • Folate: Daily losses of approximately 0.3 mg in effluent 1
  • Thiamine (B1): Daily losses of approximately 4 mg in effluent 1

Other Water-Soluble Vitamins

  • Vitamin B6 (Pyridoxine): Among the most deficient micronutrients (35.1%) in chronic hemodialysis patients 1
  • Vitamin B2 (Riboflavin): Significant losses during dialysis sessions 2

Monitoring Recommendations

  • Regular monitoring of serum levels of water-soluble vitamins is essential, particularly for patients on extended hours hemodialysis who may be at higher risk of deficiencies 3
  • Special attention should be given to vitamin C, folate, and thiamine levels 1

Supplementation Guidelines

  1. Standard Supplementation: Water-soluble vitamin supplementation should be provided to all dialysis patients 1

  2. Dosing Considerations:

    • Vitamin C: Suggested dosage of 100 mg/day 1
    • Supplementation should be adjusted based on:
      • Dialysis modality (hemodialysis vs. peritoneal dialysis)
      • Duration of dialysis sessions (extended hours may require higher doses)
      • Serum levels when available
  3. Method of Administration:

    • Post-dialysis supplementation is common practice
    • Dose may need adjustment based on dialysis technique (conventional vs. hemodiafiltration) 4

Important Considerations

  • Dialysis Technique: On-line hemodiafiltration may lead to greater losses of water-soluble vitamins compared to conventional hemodialysis 2
  • Extended Hours Dialysis: Patients on extended hours hemodialysis (>15 hours/week) show higher rates of vitamin C deficiency and may require higher supplementation doses 3
  • Membrane Type: Both high-flux and low-flux dialyzer membranes result in significant vitamin losses, requiring supplementation regardless of membrane type 5

Pitfalls to Avoid

  • Oversupplementation: Excessive doses of B vitamins may exacerbate left ventricular diastolic dysfunction in CKD patients 6
  • Vitamin C Overdose: Excessive vitamin C supplementation can lead to oxalate accumulation and increase risk of kidney stones 1
  • Inadequate Monitoring: Relying solely on standard supplementation without periodic monitoring may miss individual deficiencies

By implementing appropriate monitoring and supplementation of water-soluble vitamins, clinicians can help prevent deficiencies that could negatively impact morbidity, mortality, and quality of life in dialysis patients.

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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