What is the spectrum of activity of Clindamycin (antibiotic)?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: October 2, 2025View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

Clindamycin Spectrum of Activity

Clindamycin is primarily effective against gram-positive aerobic bacteria (including methicillin-susceptible Staphylococcus aureus and streptococci), most anaerobic bacteria, but has no activity against most gram-negative aerobic bacteria. 1, 2

Spectrum of Activity

Effective Against:

Gram-positive aerobic bacteria:

  • Staphylococcus aureus (methicillin-susceptible strains)
  • Staphylococcus epidermidis (methicillin-susceptible strains)
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae (penicillin-susceptible strains)
  • Streptococcus pyogenes (Group A strep)
  • Streptococcus agalactiae (Group B strep)
  • Streptococcus anginosus
  • Streptococcus mitis
  • Streptococcus oralis 2

Anaerobic bacteria:

  • Clostridium perfringens
  • Clostridium clostridioforme
  • Fusobacterium necrophorum
  • Fusobacterium nucleatum
  • Peptostreptococcus anaerobius
  • Prevotella melaninogenica
  • Prevotella bivia
  • Prevotella intermedia
  • Actinomyces israelii
  • Eggerthella lenta
  • Finegoldia (Peptostreptococcus) magna
  • Micromonas (Peptostreptococcus) micros
  • Cutibacterium acnes 1, 2

Other organisms:

  • Chlamydia trachomatis 3
  • Select protozoa (Toxoplasma gondii, Plasmodium falciparum, Babesia spp.)
  • Select fungi (Pneumocystis jirovecii) 4

Not Effective Against:

  • Most gram-negative aerobic bacteria (including Escherichia coli)
  • Enterococci 2, 5

Clinical Applications

Clindamycin is recommended for:

  • Skin and soft tissue infections, especially those caused by S. aureus (including some MRSA) and streptococci 1
  • Mixed aerobic/anaerobic infections 1
  • Necrotizing fasciitis (particularly when combined with penicillin for Group A streptococcal infections) 1
  • Gynecological infections (endometritis, tubo-ovarian abscess, pelvic inflammatory disease) often combined with gentamicin for polymicrobial coverage 1, 3, 5
  • Diabetic foot infections 1
  • Animal and human bite wounds 1

Important Considerations

Mechanism of Action

Clindamycin inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 23S RNA of the 50S ribosomal subunit, making it bacteriostatic rather than bactericidal 1, 2

Resistance Concerns

  • Resistance to clindamycin is most often caused by modification of specific bases of the 23S ribosomal RNA 2
  • Cross-resistance between clindamycin and lincomycin is complete 2
  • Macrolide-inducible resistance to clindamycin occurs in some isolates of macrolide-resistant bacteria 2
  • D-zone testing is recommended to screen for inducible clindamycin resistance in macrolide-resistant staphylococci and beta-hemolytic streptococci 1, 2, 6

Adverse Effects

  • Clostridioides difficile-associated diarrhea (pseudomembranous colitis) is a significant concern, though it responds well to discontinuation of clindamycin and treatment with vancomycin or metronidazole 1, 5

Pharmacokinetics

  • Average biological half-life: 2.4 hours
  • Excellent tissue penetration
  • Almost completely absorbed after oral administration, with peak serum levels reached in 45-60 minutes
  • Predominantly metabolized by CYP3A4 1, 2, 3

Dosing

  • Serious infections: 600-900 mg IV every 8 hours
  • Mild to moderate infections: 300-450 mg PO every 6-8 hours 1

Clindamycin remains a valuable antibiotic for treating specific infections, particularly those involving gram-positive and anaerobic bacteria, despite over 40 years of clinical use. However, increasing resistance is a growing concern that may limit its future utility 4.

References

Guideline

Skin and Soft Tissue Infections

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Clindamycin.

Obstetrics and gynecology clinics of North America, 1992

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.