What is the recommended treatment for Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) peritonitis?

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Treatment of Nontuberculous Mycobacteria (NTM) Peritonitis

Diagnosis and Initial Management

The recommended treatment for NTM peritonitis requires a combination antimicrobial regimen based on susceptibility testing, catheter removal in most cases, and treatment for at least 12 months after culture conversion. 1

Diagnostic Approach

  • Obtain peritoneal fluid for:

    • Acid-fast bacilli (AFB) smear
    • Culture using both solid and liquid media
    • Incubate cultures for minimum 6 weeks
    • Process samples within 24 hours (refrigerate if delay anticipated) 1
  • Consider NTM infection when:

    • Culture-negative peritonitis persists despite standard antibiotics
    • Diphtheroids or Corynebacterium species are isolated
    • Previous antibiotic exposure with refractory infection 2

Treatment Regimen

Core Antimicrobial Therapy

  • Base treatment on susceptibility testing for macrolides, amikacin, and species-specific drugs 1
  • Standard core regimen:
    1. Daily oral macrolide (preferably azithromycin)
    2. Rifampin
    3. Ethambutol 1

For Severe Infection (Intensive Phase: 3-12 weeks)

  • Daily oral macrolide
  • Intravenous amikacin (for initial 2-3 months)
  • One or more of:
    • Intravenous tigecycline
    • Imipenem
    • Cefoxitin 1

Catheter Management

  • Catheter removal is required in approximately 90% of NTM peritonitis cases 3, 2, 4
  • Early catheter removal is associated with better outcomes and may prevent progression from exit-site infection to peritonitis 3

Monitoring and Duration

  • Obtain cultures every 4-8 weeks to assess microbiological response 1
  • Continue treatment for at least 12 months after culture conversion 1
  • Monitor for drug toxicity:
    • Hearing loss (amikacin)
    • Visual loss (ethambutol)
    • Renal impairment
    • Liver function abnormalities 1

Special Considerations

Antimicrobial Resistance Patterns

  • M. fortuitum and M. chelonae are common causative species 4
  • High resistance rates to:
    • Fluoroquinolones (59.3%)
    • Cefoxitin (73.1%)
  • Most isolates remain sensitive to amikacin 4

Novel Treatments

  • Clofazimine has emerged as a potentially effective adjuvant therapy, particularly for M. abscessus infections 5

Important Caveats

  • Never use monotherapy with a macrolide or any single antimicrobial agent due to high risk of resistance development 1
  • Consult with experts in NTM treatment for complex cases 1
  • Delayed diagnosis is common and associated with poorer outcomes 4
  • Mortality rates of approximately 12-14% have been reported 3, 4
  • Most patients (63-92%) require permanent transition to hemodialysis 3, 2

References

Guideline

Nontuberculous Mycobacteria Peritonitis Treatment

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Nontuberculous mycobacteria infections of peritoneal dialysis patients: A multicenter study.

Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis, 2021

Research

Clinical course of peritoneal dialysis-related peritonitis due to non-tuberculosis mycobacterium - A single centre experience spanning 20 years.

Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis, 2022

Research

Clofazimine in Mycobacterium abscessus peritonitis: A pediatric case report.

Peritoneal dialysis international : journal of the International Society for Peritoneal Dialysis, 2021

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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