Pneumonia: This is a common cause of lung pain and dry cough, especially if the pain is localized to one side of the chest. Pneumonia can be caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi, and the presentation can vary depending on the causative agent.

Pleurisy: Inflammation of the pleura, which are the two layers of tissue surrounding the lungs, can cause sharp chest pain that worsens with breathing. A dry cough can also be present.
Bronchitis: Inflammation of the bronchial tubes, often due to infection, can cause cough and chest discomfort. If the inflammation is more pronounced on one side, it could lead to localized pain.
Asthma: Although asthma typically presents with wheezing and shortness of breath, some patients may experience chest pain and a dry cough, especially during an acute exacerbation.

Pulmonary Embolism (PE): A blood clot in the lungs can cause sudden, severe chest pain and cough. Although less common, PE is a life-threatening condition that requires immediate medical attention.
Lung Cancer: While less likely in the absence of other symptoms like weight loss or hemoptysis, lung cancer can cause localized chest pain and cough. It's crucial not to miss this diagnosis, especially in smokers or those with a significant smoking history.
Tuberculosis (TB): TB can cause chronic cough, chest pain, and other systemic symptoms. It's essential to consider TB, especially in individuals who have been exposed or have risk factors like immunocompromised states.

Pulmonary Sarcoidosis: An autoimmune disease that can cause inflammation in various parts of the body, including the lungs, leading to symptoms like cough and chest pain.
Histoplasmosis: A fungal infection that can cause lung symptoms, including cough and chest pain, especially in individuals who have been exposed to bird or bat droppings.
Eosinophilic Pneumonia: A rare condition characterized by an accumulation of eosinophils in the lungs, which can cause cough, chest pain, and other respiratory symptoms.