Differential Diagnosis for Red Swollen Tongue
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Viral Pharyngitis: This is often the most common cause of a red swollen tongue, especially in the context of a sore throat and fever. Viral infections such as herpes simplex or coxsackievirus can cause inflammation of the tongue.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Nutritional Deficiencies: Deficiencies in vitamins like B12, iron, or folate can lead to changes in the tongue's appearance, including redness and swelling. These deficiencies are relatively common and can be associated with a range of other symptoms.
- Allergic Reactions: An allergic reaction to food, medications, or other substances can cause swelling and redness of the tongue. This is a common and potentially serious condition that requires prompt identification and treatment.
- Oral Candidiasis: Also known as thrush, this fungal infection can cause redness and swelling of the tongue, especially in immunocompromised individuals or those who wear dentures.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Angioedema: A severe, potentially life-threatening allergic reaction that can cause rapid swelling of the tongue and airways. Prompt recognition and treatment with epinephrine are crucial.
- Stevens-Johnson Syndrome: A rare but serious disorder of the skin and mucous membranes, often triggered by medications or infections. It can cause severe inflammation and blistering of the tongue and other areas.
- Kawasaki Disease: Although more common in children, this condition can cause inflammation in the blood vessels, leading to symptoms including a red, swollen tongue. It's a do-not-miss diagnosis due to the risk of cardiac complications.
Rare Diagnoses
- Geographic Tongue: A benign condition characterized by the appearance of single or multiple, well-demarcated areas of erythema (redness) on the tongue, which can sometimes be swollen. It's relatively rare and often asymptomatic.
- Glossitis: Inflammation of the tongue that can be caused by various factors, including infections, allergies, or irritants. While not uncommon, some forms of glossitis can be rare and require specific diagnosis and treatment.
- Erythema Multiforme: An immune-mediated disorder that can affect the skin and mucous membranes, including the tongue, causing red, target-like lesions. It's relatively rare and can be associated with infections or medications.