What bacteria does gentamicin cover?

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Gentamicin Coverage Spectrum

Gentamicin is primarily effective against Gram-negative bacteria including Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Enterobacteriaceae species (Escherichia coli, Klebsiella, Enterobacter, Serratia, Citrobacter), and Proteus species, as well as some Gram-positive bacteria like Staphylococcus species. 1

Gram-Negative Coverage

Gentamicin demonstrates excellent activity against:

  • Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1
  • Escherichia coli 1
  • Klebsiella species 1
  • Enterobacter species 1
  • Serratia species 1
  • Citrobacter species 1
  • Proteus species (both indole-positive and indole-negative) 1

Gram-Positive Coverage

Gentamicin has more limited activity against Gram-positive organisms:

  • Staphylococcus species (both coagulase-positive and coagulase-negative) 1
  • When combined with penicillin or ampicillin, gentamicin demonstrates synergistic activity against certain strains of Enterococcus faecalis, E. faecium, and E. durans 1

Important Limitations

Gentamicin is generally NOT effective against:

  • Most streptococcal species (including Streptococcus pneumoniae) 1
  • Most enterococcal species when used as monotherapy 1
  • Group D streptococci (unless combined with penicillin) 1, 2
  • Anaerobic organisms (Bacteroides species and Clostridium species) 1
  • Salmonella and Shigella species (despite appearing active in vitro) 1

Clinical Applications

Gentamicin is indicated for serious infections caused by susceptible organisms including:

  • Respiratory tract infections 1, 3
  • Urinary tract infections 1, 3
  • Bacteremia and septicemia 1, 3
  • Skin and soft tissue infections 1, 2
  • Bone and joint infections 1, 3
  • Intra-abdominal infections including peritonitis 1
  • Bacterial meningitis 1
  • Infective endocarditis (in combination with other antibiotics) 2, 1

Resistance Patterns

  • Resistance to gentamicin generally develops slowly but varies by region 1
  • In low and lower-middle-income countries, gentamicin resistance rates range from 42% to 70% among common Gram-negative pathogens 2
  • Resistance is particularly concerning in neonatal sepsis caused by Gram-negative bacteria 2

Synergistic Effects

Gentamicin demonstrates synergistic effects when combined with:

  • Penicillins against enterococcal strains 1
  • Carbenicillin against Pseudomonas aeruginosa 1
  • Beta-lactams against many Gram-negative organisms 1
  • Penicillin for treatment of infective endocarditis caused by group D streptococci 1

Pharmacodynamic Considerations

  • Gentamicin exhibits concentration-dependent killing against Gram-negative bacteria like Pseudomonas aeruginosa 4
  • Against Staphylococcus aureus, gentamicin demonstrates partially concentration-dependent killing, with concentrations beyond 4-8 times the MIC not resulting in significantly faster bacterial killing 4
  • The antibacterial activity of gentamicin can be inhibited in acidic, concentrated urine, potentially requiring higher doses for urinary tract infections 5

Monitoring Considerations

  • Therapeutic drug monitoring (TDM) can optimize dosing regimens, improve treatment efficacy, and reduce nephrotoxicity 2
  • TDM-guided gentamicin treatment has been associated with shorter hospital stays, lower mortality rates, and lower incidence of nephrotoxicity compared to non-TDM-guided treatment 2

Understanding gentamicin's spectrum of activity is essential for appropriate clinical use, particularly given concerns about antimicrobial resistance and potential toxicity.

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Update on new medicinal applications of gentamicin: evidence-based review.

Journal of the Formosan Medical Association = Taiwan yi zhi, 2014

Research

Inhibition of the antibacterial activity of gentamicin by urine.

The Journal of infectious diseases, 1976

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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