From the Research
Geographic tongue, also known as benign migratory glossitis, is a harmless condition characterized by smooth, red patches on the tongue that have a map-like appearance, and it typically doesn't require treatment unless it causes discomfort. These patches occur when papillae (tiny bumps) are lost in certain areas of the tongue surface, and they may change location, size, and shape over hours or days, sometimes having slightly raised borders 1. The exact cause of geographic tongue is unknown, but it may be linked to various factors such as vitamin deficiencies, psoriasis, or allergies 2.
While geographic tongue is generally painless, some people experience burning or sensitivity, especially with spicy or acidic foods. In such cases, over-the-counter pain relievers, antihistamines, or corticosteroid rinses might help alleviate the discomfort 3. Additionally, avoiding irritating foods and using mild toothpaste can also reduce symptoms. Despite its unusual appearance, geographic tongue is benign and not contagious, though it may persist for months or years with periods of improvement and recurrence 4.
It is essential to note that geographic tongue can be associated with other conditions, such as psoriasis, diabetes mellitus, and gastrointestinal diseases, and it may coexist with other disorders like fissured tongue and burning mouth syndrome 2, 5. However, the condition itself is not a cause for concern, and its management focuses on relieving symptoms and preventing exacerbations.
In terms of management, the most recent study 5 suggests that geographic tongue does not require treatment, and symptomatic relief can be achieved with over-the-counter remedies. Therefore, the best course of action for geographic tongue is to avoid irritating foods, use mild toothpaste, and use over-the-counter pain relievers or antihistamines if necessary, while also being aware of potential associations with other conditions.