Differential Diagnosis of Tongue White Patches in Children
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Oral Thrush (Candidiasis): This is the most common cause of white patches on the tongue in children, especially in infants and toddlers. It is a fungal infection caused by Candida albicans, which is often seen in children with poor oral hygiene, immunocompromised status, or those taking antibiotics.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Trauma: Accidental trauma to the tongue, such as biting or sucking on the tongue, can cause white patches or ulcers.
- Allergic Reaction: An allergic reaction to food, medications, or other substances can cause white patches or lichenoid lesions on the tongue.
- Irritation: Irritation from sharp teeth, dental appliances, or other oral habits can cause white patches or ulcers on the tongue.
- Leukoplakia: A benign condition characterized by white patches on the tongue, often associated with chronic irritation or habit.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Lichen Planus: A chronic autoimmune condition that can cause white patches, ulcers, or erosions on the tongue, which can be painful and debilitating if left untreated.
- Oral Cancer: Although rare in children, oral cancer can present with white patches or ulcers on the tongue, and early detection is crucial for effective treatment.
- Immunodeficiency: Certain immunodeficiency disorders, such as HIV/AIDS, can increase the risk of opportunistic infections, including oral thrush, and white patches on the tongue can be an early sign of an underlying immunodeficiency.
Rare Diagnoses
- Pemphigus Vulgaris: A rare autoimmune disorder that can cause blisters and white patches on the tongue, which can be life-threatening if left untreated.
- Darier's Disease: A rare genetic disorder that can cause white patches or papules on the tongue, often associated with other skin and mucous membrane lesions.
- White Sponge Nevus: A rare genetic disorder that can cause white patches or spongy lesions on the tongue, often associated with other oral and skin lesions.