What if an infection is suspected?

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懷疑感染時的處理方法

如果懷疑感染,應立即進行評估,移除導管(若存在),進行適當的血液檢查和培養,並在感染跡象出現時立即給予抗生素治療。1

感染的早期識別

  • 每日評估患者是否有感染的早期徵兆和症狀(如發燒、背痛、頭痛、插入部位的紅腫和壓痛)1
  • 對於長期照護機構的老年患者,應監測以下感染跡象:
    • 功能狀態下降,包括新出現或加劇的混亂、失禁、跌倒、行動能力下降、食慾減退或不配合工作人員1
    • 發燒,定義為:單次口腔溫度≥37.8°C;或重複口腔溫度≥37.2°C;或體溫較基準溫度上升≥1.1°C1

當懷疑感染時的診斷步驟

立即採取的措施:

  1. 如有導管存在,應移除並考慮培養導管尖端1
  2. 進行適當的血液檢測(如白血球計數、沉降率和C反應蛋白)1
  3. 獲取適當的培養樣本1
  4. 如懷疑膿瘍或出現神經功能障礙,應進行影像學檢查(如磁共振成像、電腦斷層掃描)1

血液檢查:

  • 完整血球計數,包括周邊白血球和分類細胞計數(最好是手動分類以評估帶狀中性粒細胞和其他未成熟形式)1
  • 白血球計數升高(>14,000細胞/mm³)或左移(帶狀中性粒細胞或變形粒細胞百分比>6%;或總帶狀中性粒細胞計數>1,500細胞/mm³)需要仔細評估細菌感染1

抗生素治療

  • 在最早的感染徵兆或症狀出現時,應立即給予適當的抗生素治療1
  • 對於嚴重感染的患者,應立即開始經驗性抗生素治療,並在獲得培養結果後調整2
  • 如果患者發燒且中性粒細胞升高,應在給予抗生素前獲取血液培養,因為這些症狀是進行血液培養的特定指徵2

專科會診

  • 如果懷疑嚴重感染,應立即諮詢具有感染性疾病診斷和治療專業知識的專家或醫師1
  • 如果懷疑膿瘍,應諮詢外科醫師,確定是否需要經皮引流或手術干預1

特殊情況

神經軸索技術相關感染:

  • 如果患者接受了神經軸索技術(如硬膜外麻醉)並懷疑感染,應立即移除導管並培養導管尖端1
  • 對於已知或懷疑菌血症的患者,考慮在進行神經軸索技術前給予抗生素治療1

血管導管相關感染:

  • 如果懷疑短期周邊靜脈導管感染,應移除導管,半定量培養導管尖端,並在開始抗生素治療前獲取至少兩份獨立的血液培養樣本1
  • 對於非隧道中心靜脈導管和不明原因發熱的患者,如果患者病情嚴重或導管出口處有紅腫或膿液,應移除並培養導管1

注意事項

  • 抗生素治療應謹慎使用,避免不必要的抗生素使用,以防止耐藥菌株的發展1, 3
  • 使用抗生素可能導致與Clostridioides difficile相關的腹瀉,嚴重程度從輕度腹瀉到致命性結腸炎不等3
  • 對於青黴素類藥物(如阿莫西林),應注意嚴重過敏反應的可能性,包括過敏性休克3

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Administering Ceftriaxone in Febrile Patients with Elevated Neutrophils

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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