Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): This is the most common cause of dysuria (painful urination) and burning micturition, especially in women. Bacteria such as E. coli are often the culprit, leading to inflammation and irritation of the urinary tract.

Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra, often due to sexually transmitted infections (STIs) like gonorrhea or chlamydia, can cause severe burning during urination.
Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, which can be acute or chronic, may cause burning urination, especially in men.
Vaginitis: Infections or inflammation of the vagina, such as yeast infections or bacterial vaginosis, can cause discomfort and burning during urination in women.

Kidney Stones: While not the most common cause, kidney stones can cause severe pain and burning during urination, especially if they are obstructing the flow of urine.
Interstitial Cystitis: A chronic condition causing bladder pressure, bladder pain, and sometimes pelvic pain, which can be mistaken for a UTI but requires different management.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Certain STIs like herpes simplex virus can cause painful urination due to genital ulcers.

Tuberculosis of the Urinary Tract: A rare condition where TB bacteria infect the urinary system, causing a range of symptoms including burning micturition.
Bladder Cancer: Though rare, bladder cancer can cause painful urination among other symptoms, and is more common in older adults or those with a history of smoking.
Sjögren's Syndrome: An autoimmune disorder that can cause dryness in the eyes, mouth, and other areas, leading to urinary frequency and discomfort, including burning during urination.