What are the symptoms and treatment options for pheochromocytoma?

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嗜铬细胞瘤症状

嗜铬细胞瘤最典型的临床表现是头痛、心悸和多汗,通常以发作性方式出现,这三种症状组合的诊断特异性高达90%。 1

临床表现

  • 高血压:约95%的患者表现为高血压,其中50%为持续性高血压,50%为发作性高血压 1
  • 血压变异性增加:这是嗜铬细胞瘤的特征,构成心血管发病率和死亡率的独立危险因素 1
  • 典型症状三联征:
    • 头痛(72-92%的患者)2
    • 心悸(51-73%的患者)2
    • 多汗(60-70%的患者)2
  • 焦虑或恐慌感:常见症状 3
  • 其他症状:面色苍白、体重减轻、代谢亢进 2, 4

诊断评估

  • 首选诊断测试:血浆游离甲氧肾上腺素测定,敏感性99%,特异性89% 1, 5
  • 如血浆检测结果不确定,应进行24小时尿儿茶酚胺和甲氧肾上腺素收集 5
  • 血浆甲氧酪胺水平测定有助于评估恶性肿瘤的可能性 5
  • 生化检测阳性后,应进行腹部CT或MRI定位检查 5, 3
  • 胸部CT检查用于评估有无转移病变 5
  • 功能性影像学检查如123I-MIBG显像有助于检测多发性病变 5, 6

治疗方法

  • 手术前准备:
    • 使用α受体阻滞剂(如苯氧苄胺)控制高血压和多汗症状 7, 8
    • 如心动过速明显,可在充分α受体阻滞后联合使用β受体阻滞剂 7, 9
    • 术前药物治疗通常建议持续2周 9
  • 根治性治疗:
    • 完全手术切除(R0切除)是潜在根治性治疗的主要手段 5, 3
    • 腹腔镜和肾上腺保留手术是首选治疗方式 6
  • 恶性/转移性疾病管理:
    • 对于无法手术的患者,主要治疗目标是疾病和症状控制 5
    • 对于MIBG摄取充分的患者,可使用放射性药物如131I-MIBG 5

随访方案

  • 术后约14天进行生化检测,检查是否有残留病变 5, 3
  • 长期随访包括临床评估、生化检测和根据临床需要进行胸腹部CT检查 5, 3

恶性风险因素

  • 肿瘤大小≥5厘米 5
  • 肾上腺外副神经节瘤 5
  • SDHB基因胚系突变 5, 3
  • 血浆甲氧酪胺升高(>正常上限的3倍)5

临床警示

  • 尽管诊断技术已有改进,但从初始症状到最终确诊仍平均需要3年时间 1
  • 根据尸检研究,许多嗜铬细胞瘤病例被完全漏诊,其中肿瘤导致55%的死亡,而75%的病例生前未被怀疑 1
  • 约35%的嗜铬细胞瘤是遗传性的,应考虑对患者进行基因检测,特别是有家族史、年轻发病、双侧或多发病变、或肾上腺外位置的患者 5, 3

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Pheochromocytoma Diagnosis and Management

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Management Approach for Pheochromocytoma

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Preoperative management of the pheochromocytoma patient.

The Journal of clinical endocrinology and metabolism, 2007

Research

Pheochromocytoma. Update on diagnosis, localization, and management.

The Medical clinics of North America, 1995

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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