What causes prolonged muscle soreness after exercise?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: October 15, 2025View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

Causes of Prolonged Muscle Soreness After Exercise

Prolonged muscle soreness after exercise is primarily caused by exercise-induced muscle damage, characterized by disruption of muscle fibers and connective tissue, which triggers inflammatory responses and subsequent repair processes. 1

Primary Mechanisms of Prolonged Muscle Soreness

  • Muscle Fiber Damage: Exercise, particularly eccentric contractions (where muscles lengthen while contracting), causes microscopic tears in muscle fibers and disruption of the Z-line structures within muscle cells 1, 2

  • Connective Tissue Involvement: Recent research suggests significant involvement of fascial connective tissue rather than just muscle fibers, with evidence showing that fascia contains more nociceptors (pain receptors) than muscle tissue itself 3

  • Inflammatory Response: Following tissue damage, an inflammatory cascade is triggered, involving:

    • Release of inflammatory mediators
    • Infiltration of immune cells (neutrophils, macrophages)
    • Increased local edema (swelling)
    • Stimulation of pain receptors 4, 2
  • Metabolic Factors: Increased anaerobic metabolism during exercise leads to:

    • Higher lactate concentrations
    • Localized acidosis
    • Accumulation of metabolic byproducts 1
  • Altered Calcium Homeostasis: Disruption of cell membranes leads to calcium dysregulation in damaged muscle fibers, contributing to further muscle damage and necrosis that typically peaks about 2 days post-exercise 2

Specific Exercise Factors That Increase Risk

  • Exercise Type: Eccentric muscle contractions (where muscles lengthen while under tension) cause significantly more damage and soreness than concentric or isometric contractions 2, 5

  • Exercise Intensity and Duration: Higher intensity and longer duration exercises, especially when unaccustomed, lead to greater muscle damage and subsequent soreness 6

  • Recruitment Pattern: Synchronous, spatially fixed, and exhausting contractile activity leads to greater muscle damage compared to normal physiological recruitment patterns 1

  • Training Status: Untrained individuals or those performing novel exercises experience more severe and prolonged soreness due to lack of the "repeated bout effect" (adaptation that reduces damage from subsequent similar exercise) 1

Time Course and Progression

  • Delayed Onset: Unlike acute exercise pain that occurs during activity, prolonged muscle soreness typically develops 24-48 hours after exercise and may last 5-7 days 2, 5

  • Peak Severity: Soreness typically peaks at 24-72 hours post-exercise 4

  • Resolution Pattern: Gradual decrease in symptoms occurs as repair processes complete, usually within 5-7 days in healthy individuals 6

Contributing Factors

  • Dehydration: Inadequate fluid intake before, during, or after exercise can exacerbate muscle soreness 6, 7

  • Nutritional Status: Insufficient protein intake may impair muscle repair processes 6

  • Environmental Conditions: Exercising in hot, humid environments increases metabolic demands and may worsen muscle damage 1

  • Age and Individual Factors: Older adults and certain individuals may experience more prolonged recovery due to decreased regenerative capacity 6

Clinical Implications

  • Temporary Performance Reduction: Muscle soreness can reduce force production capacity and range of motion for several days 2, 4

  • Adaptation Process: While uncomfortable, this process is part of the body's adaptation to exercise and typically leads to increased strength and reduced soreness with subsequent similar exercise 1, 6

  • Warning Signs: Severe, prolonged soreness accompanied by dark urine, extreme swelling, or significant weakness may indicate rhabdomyolysis (extreme form of muscle damage) requiring medical attention 6, 2

Prevention Strategies

  • Gradual Progression: Slowly increase exercise intensity and duration to allow adaptation 6

  • Proper Warm-up: Include dynamic stretching and low-intensity activity before strenuous exercise 6

  • Hydration and Nutrition: Maintain adequate hydration and consume protein (0.2-0.4 g/kg/h) with carbohydrates after exercise 6

  • Recovery Techniques: Consider compression garments, which have shown positive effects in reducing muscle soreness in many studies 6

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Research

Mechanisms of exercise-induced delayed onset muscular soreness: a brief review.

Medicine and science in sports and exercise, 1984

Research

Delayed muscle soreness: a review.

The Journal of orthopaedic and sports physical therapy, 1983

Guideline

Management of Prolonged Muscle Soreness After Exercise

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Guideline

Cefaleia Induzida por Exercícios: Fatos Científicos

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.