Is the assessment of infection and non-infection risks accurate for a patient with eclampsia and HELLP syndrome?

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Penilaian Risiko Infeksi dan Non-Infeksi pada Eklampsia dan Sindrom HELLP

Penilaian risiko infeksi dan non-infeksi pada pasien dengan eklampsia dan sindrom HELLP sudah tepat, namun perlu memperhatikan beberapa aspek penting untuk memastikan penanganan komprehensif yang optimal.

Risiko Non-Infeksi

Risiko Kardiovaskular

  • Hipertensi berat (tekanan darah >160/90 mmHg) merupakan risiko utama yang memerlukan penanganan segera untuk mencegah komplikasi serebrovaskular 1
  • Perlu pemantauan tekanan darah secara ketat dan pemberian antihipertensi seperti labetalol, nifedipin, atau metildopa untuk hipertensi non-berat, serta terapi intravena untuk hipertensi berat 1

Risiko Hematologi

  • Trombositopenia berat (<50.000/mm³) memerlukan transfusi trombosit, terutama jika direncanakan persalinan secara seksio sesarea 1, 2
  • Transfusi darah utuh direkomendasikan jika kadar hemoglobin <10 g/dL 1
  • Pemantauan parameter koagulasi sangat penting karena risiko perdarahan dan DIC 2

Risiko Hepatik

  • Peningkatan enzim hati merupakan tanda sindrom HELLP dan berkorelasi dengan tingkat trombositopenia 1
  • Risiko hematoma subkapsular hati dan ruptur hati akut yang mengancam jiwa 3
  • Nyeri epigastrium dan nyeri kuadran kanan atas sering menjadi gejala preeklampsia berat dan dapat menandakan kejang yang akan datang 4

Risiko Renal

  • Oliguria (<400 ml/24 jam) merupakan tanda preeklampsia berat 1
  • Pemasangan kateter urin untuk pemantauan output urin per jam sangat penting 2
  • Risiko gagal ginjal akut memerlukan pemantauan kadar kreatinin dan urea 2

Risiko Neurologis

  • Pencegahan kejang dengan pemberian magnesium sulfat 5, 6
  • Pemantauan refleks patella sebelum setiap dosis magnesium sulfat untuk mencegah toksisitas 5
  • Risiko ensefalopati dan stroke memerlukan pemantauan neurologis ketat 6

Risiko Infeksi

Risiko Infeksi Pasca Operasi

  • Pasien dengan sindrom HELLP memiliki tingkat seksio sesarea yang tinggi (61,5-76%) 1
  • Risiko infeksi luka operasi meningkat pada pasien dengan kondisi imunokompromi 2
  • Pemantauan tanda-tanda infeksi seperti demam, nyeri, dan kemerahan pada luka operasi 2

Risiko Sepsis

  • Sepsis dapat terjadi sebagai komplikasi sindrom HELLP 6
  • Pemantauan tanda-tanda sepsis seperti demam, takikardia, takipnea, dan leukositosis 2
  • Kultur darah dan pemberian antibiotik empiris jika dicurigai sepsis 2

Penanganan Komprehensif

Stabilisasi Awal

  • Kontrol tekanan darah dengan magnesium sulfat atau hidralazin intravena 2, 5
  • Pemeriksaan laboratorium komprehensif termasuk hitung trombosit, fungsi hati, dan fungsi ginjal 2
  • Pemasangan kateter vena sentral pada pasien kritis untuk manajemen cairan 1, 2

Penatalaksanaan Definitif

  • Persalinan merupakan terapi definitif, terutama jika terdapat bukti preeklampsia yang memburuk, fungsi hati atau ginjal yang memburuk, trombositopenia berat, usia kehamilan ≥32-34 minggu, gawat janin, atau maturitas janin 1, 2
  • Pemantauan pasca persalinan di unit perawatan intensif atau unit ketergantungan tinggi selama minimal 24 jam 1

Pertimbangan Anestesi

  • Jika anestesi umum diperlukan, gunakan obat dengan metabolisme hepatik atau renal minimal 2
  • Induksi cepat dengan suksametanium untuk manajemen jalan napas 2

Kesimpulan

Penilaian risiko infeksi dan non-infeksi pada pasien dengan eklampsia dan sindrom HELLP harus mencakup pemantauan kardiovaskular, hematologi, hepatik, renal, dan neurologis yang ketat. Penanganan komprehensif dengan tim multidisiplin dan persalinan tepat waktu sangat penting untuk mengurangi morbiditas dan mortalitas maternal.

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Management of HELLP Syndrome

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Anticholinergics induce eclamptic seizures.

Seminars in thrombosis and hemostasis, 2002

Research

Intensive Care Unit issues in eclampsia and HELLP syndrome.

International journal of critical illness and injury science, 2017

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Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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