Until what age should a child drink milk?

Milk Consumption Guidelines for Children by Age

Children should transition from breast milk or formula to whole cow's milk at 12 months of age, and continue consuming milk until at least 5 years of age, with reduced-fat milk recommended after age 2. 1, 2

Infant Feeding (0-12 months)

• Exclusive breastfeeding is recommended for the first 6 months of life as the optimal nutrition source 1
• For infants who are not breastfed, only iron-fortified infant formula should be used as a substitute for breast milk 1
• Whole cow's milk should NOT be introduced before 12 months of age due to:
  • Poor iron content that can lead to iron deficiency anemia 1, 3
  • Increased renal solute load that may narrow the margin of safety in dehydration situations 3
  • Potential increased risk of milk protein allergy with early introduction 3

Toddlers (12-24 months)

• Transition to whole cow's milk at 12 months of age 1, 2
• Recommended intake: 2-3 cups (16-24 oz) of whole milk per day 1, 2
• Caution: Consuming more than 24 oz of milk daily may contribute to iron deficiency by displacing iron-rich foods 1
• For toddlers with family history of obesity, heart disease, or high cholesterol, parents should discuss transition to reduced-fat milk with their pediatric provider 1, 2

Children (2-5 years)

• Switch from whole milk to reduced-fat milk (2% or fat-free) at age 2 1, 2
• Continue milk consumption with a recommended limit of 24 oz per day 1
• Milk provides essential nutrients including protein, calcium, magnesium, and vitamin D that support growth and development 1

Special Considerations

• Children with confirmed cow's milk protein allergy may require specialized formula rather than cow's milk 2
• For children with lactose intolerance, calcium-fortified alternatives may be considered, with soy milk being the most nutritionally comparable plant-based alternative 2, 4
• Plant-based milks (except soy) are generally not recommended as complete nutritional substitutes for cow's milk in young children 4

Nutritional Context

• Milk should be part of a balanced diet that includes a variety of foods to meet nutritional needs 1
• Milk consumption should be balanced with adequate intake of iron-rich foods to prevent iron deficiency 1
• Total fat intake should comprise 25-30% of daily calories for proper development, with milk being an important contributor to this requirement in young children 1

Milk remains an important nutritional component throughout childhood, providing essential nutrients for growth and development. The transition from breast milk/formula to cow's milk at 12 months, followed by reduced-fat milk after age 2, aligns with evidence-based recommendations for optimal child health and development 1, 2.