Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): This is the most common cause of painful urination, especially in women. Bacterial infections lead to inflammation of the urinary tract, causing dysuria (painful urination), frequent urination, and sometimes hematuria (blood in the urine).

Kidney Stones: Small, hard mineral deposits can cause severe pain as they move through the urinary tract, often accompanied by painful urination.
Prostatitis: Inflammation of the prostate gland, common in men, can cause pain during urination, along with other symptoms like pelvic pain and difficulty starting urination.
Urethritis: Inflammation of the urethra, often due to infection, can cause dysuria and is more common in men, especially those with sexually transmitted infections.
Vaginitis: Infections or inflammation of the vagina can cause pain during urination in women, especially if the urethral opening is irritated.

Gonorrhea or Chlamydia: These sexually transmitted infections can cause severe complications if not treated promptly, including infertility and pelvic inflammatory disease.
Tuberculosis of the Urinary Tract: Although rare, it can cause chronic pain and damage to the urinary system if not diagnosed and treated.
Interstitial Cystitis: A chronic condition causing bladder pressure, bladder pain, and sometimes pelvic pain, which can be mistaken for a UTI but requires different management.

Bladder Cancer: Can cause painful urination, especially if a tumor is obstructing the flow of urine.
Schistosomiasis: A parasitic infection that can cause urinary symptoms, including pain, and is more common in certain parts of the world.
Urethral Stricture: Narrowing of the urethra, often due to injury or infection, can cause difficulty and pain during urination.
Foreign Body in the Urinary Tract: Although rare, objects lodged in the urinary tract can cause severe pain and must be removed to prevent complications.