What are the risks of falls associated with hydroxyzine (hydroxyzinum) and how can they be mitigated?

Hydroxyzine and Fall Risk: Assessment and Mitigation Strategies

Hydroxyzine significantly increases the risk of falls, particularly in older adults, due to its sedative effects, performance impairment, and anticholinergic properties. Second-generation antihistamines should be preferred over hydroxyzine when treating allergic conditions. 1

Risk Factors and Mechanisms

• Hydroxyzine causes sedative effects (drowsiness and performance impairment) in many patients, which can lead to falls even when patients don't subjectively feel drowsy 1
• The anticholinergic effects of hydroxyzine (dry mouth, dry eyes, constipation, urinary retention) can contribute to fall risk, especially in older adults 1
• The FDA warns that hydroxyzine has a potentiating action when used with other central nervous system depressants, which can further increase fall risk 2
• Older adults are particularly vulnerable to hydroxyzine's effects due to:
  • Increased sensitivity to psychomotor impairment 1
  • Greater susceptibility to anticholinergic effects 1
  • Age-related changes in pharmacokinetics 2

High-Risk Populations

• Elderly patients are at significantly higher risk for falls and related complications when taking hydroxyzine 2
• Patients with pre-existing mobility issues face increased fall risk 3
• Those taking multiple medications (polypharmacy) have compounded risk 3, 4
• Patients with renal impairment may experience enhanced drug effects due to decreased clearance 2

Mitigation Strategies

Medication Selection and Dosing

• Use second-generation antihistamines instead of hydroxyzine whenever possible for allergic conditions 1
• If hydroxyzine must be used, start at the lowest effective dose, especially in older adults 2
• Avoid the practice of using second-generation antihistamines in the morning and hydroxyzine at night, as the sedative effects of hydroxyzine can persist into the next day 1

Medication Review and Adjustment

• Regularly review all medications and consider alternatives to hydroxyzine when possible 3
• Reduce or eliminate other CNS depressants when hydroxyzine must be used 2
• Be particularly cautious with concomitant use of:
  • Narcotics and non-narcotic analgesics 2
  • Barbiturates and other sedatives 2
  • Alcohol 1, 2
  • QT-prolonging medications 2

Patient Education and Monitoring

• Warn patients about potential drowsiness and impaired performance 1, 2
• Explicitly caution patients against driving or operating dangerous machinery while taking hydroxyzine 2
• Advise against simultaneous use of alcohol or other CNS depressants 2
• Monitor for side effects and reassess the need for hydroxyzine regularly 3

Environmental and Behavioral Interventions

• Consider home safety evaluation for high-risk patients 4
• Implement fall prevention strategies (removing hazards, improving lighting, appropriate footwear) 1
• Consider exercise interventions to improve strength and balance in at-risk patients 1

Special Considerations for Older Adults

• Elderly patients should generally be started on low doses of hydroxyzine and observed closely 2
• Regular monitoring of gait, balance, and orthostatic vital signs is recommended 4
• Consider a multifactorial fall risk assessment for older adults taking hydroxyzine 1
• Be aware that hydroxyzine may cause confusion and oversedation in the elderly 2

By carefully considering these risks and implementing appropriate mitigation strategies, the fall risk associated with hydroxyzine can be minimized, though safer alternatives should be used whenever possible.