What is the recommended treatment for pleuritic chest pain?

Treatment for Pleuritic Chest Pain

For pleuritic chest pain, a 1-2 week course of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) is the recommended first-line treatment, with addition of low-dose colchicine as needed if there is an inflammatory component or costochondritis. 1

Diagnostic Approach Before Treatment

Before initiating treatment, it's essential to rule out serious causes of pleuritic chest pain:

• Pulmonary embolism (PE) - most common serious cause (5-21% of emergency department presentations with pleuritic chest pain) 2

  • Use validated clinical decision rules to guide further testing 2
  • If PE is suspected, start heparin before diagnosis is confirmed 1

• Other serious conditions requiring exclusion:

  • Myocardial infarction
  • Pneumothorax
  • Aortic dissection
  • Pneumonia
  • Pericarditis 2, 3

• Basic workup should include:

  • Chest radiography
  • Electrocardiography
  • Arterial blood gas measurements (if PE suspected) 1

Treatment Algorithm Based on Underlying Cause

1. Inflammatory/Costochondritis-Related Pleuritic Pain

• First-line: NSAIDs for 1-2 weeks 1
• Add-on therapy: Low-dose colchicine if symptoms persist 1
• Duration: Typically 1-2 weeks or until symptoms resolve 1

2. Post-COVID or Viral Pleurisy

• NSAIDs for symptomatic relief 1, 3
• Consider colchicine for persistent symptoms 1
• Ensure adequate hydration (3 liters of water or electrolyte-balanced fluid daily) 1

3. Pericarditis-Related Pleuritic Pain

• High-dose aspirin (500-1000mg every 6-8 hours) until symptoms improve 1
• Add colchicine (0.5-0.6mg once or twice daily) for 3 months 1
• Avoid glucocorticoids and non-aspirin NSAIDs if recent myocardial infarction 1

4. Suspected Endothelial Dysfunction

• Consider calcium-channel blocker, long-acting nitrate, or ranolazine 1
• For persistent chest pain refractory to other therapies, nutritional supplements like beetroot extract or L-arginine may be considered 1

5. Malignant Pleural Effusion with Pleuritic Pain

• Pain management with appropriate analgesics 1
• Consider pleurodesis if effusion is recurrent:
  • Talc is the most effective sclerosant (success rate ~90%) 1
  • Doxycycline (500mg) is an alternative with 80-85% success rate 1
  • Bleomycin (60 IU) has similar efficacy to doxycycline but is more expensive 1

Special Considerations

• Young women on oral contraceptives with isolated pleuritic chest pain are unlikely to have PE if respiratory rate is <20/min and chest radiograph is normal 1

• Patients with minor pulmonary embolism and no evidence of residual deep vein thrombosis may not necessarily require anticoagulation treatment, particularly if risk factors are only temporary 1

• For post-MI pericarditis (Dressler's syndrome):

  • Acetaminophen for symptomatic relief
  • High-dose aspirin if symptoms persist
  • Consider colchicine to reduce recurrence risk 1

• For pleuritic pain associated with pleural infection:

  • Appropriate antibiotic therapy
  • Consider drainage if pH <7.2 or glucose <3.3 mmol/L 1

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

• Treating pleuritic pain without excluding life-threatening causes first 2, 3

• Using glucocorticoids as first-line therapy for pericarditis (may increase risk of recurrence) 1, 4

• Overlooking esophagitis and esophageal spasm if symptoms worsen with NSAIDs 1

• Failing to follow up patients with persistent symptoms, especially smokers and those over 50 years with pneumonia (repeat chest radiography at 6 weeks) 2

• Administering intrapleural medications without appropriate analgesia (pleurodesis can be painful) 1