Benign Prostatic Hyperplasia (BPH): This condition is common in older men and can cause urinary retention due to the enlargement of the prostate gland, which can also lead to hematuria.

Urinary Tract Infection (UTI): UTIs can cause irritation and inflammation of the urinary tract, leading to both urinary retention and hematuria.
Kidney Stones: Stones in the urinary tract can cause obstruction, leading to urinary retention, and also cause hematuria due to the stone's abrasive action on the urinary tract lining.
Bladder Cancer: Although less common, bladder cancer can present with both urinary retention and hematuria, especially in older adults with a history of smoking.

Prostate Cancer: While less common than BPH, prostate cancer can also cause urinary retention and hematuria. Missing this diagnosis could have significant implications for patient outcomes.
Ruptured Bladder or Urethra: Traumatic injuries can lead to rupture of the bladder or urethra, causing both urinary retention and hematuria. This is a medical emergency requiring immediate attention.
Sepsis from a Urinary Source: Infection of the urinary tract can lead to sepsis, a life-threatening condition. Early recognition and treatment are crucial.

Neurogenic Bladder: Conditions affecting the nerves controlling the bladder, such as spinal cord injuries or multiple sclerosis, can lead to urinary retention and potentially hematuria due to chronic infection or bladder overdistension.
Schistosomiasis: A parasitic infection that can cause bladder inflammation and lead to hematuria, more common in certain geographic areas.
Tuberculosis of the Urinary Tract: A rare infection that can cause chronic inflammation and scarring of the urinary tract, leading to urinary retention and hematuria.