Differential Diagnosis for Headache

• Single most likely diagnosis
  • Tension headache: This is the most common type of headache and is often described as a band or a squeezing sensation around the forehead, usually accompanied by muscle tension in the neck and scalp. It's likely due to the high prevalence of tension headaches in the general population.
• Other Likely diagnoses
  • Migraine: Characterized by severe, throbbing pain, often on one side of the head, and can be accompanied by nausea, vomiting, and sensitivity to light and sound. Its likelihood is due to the relatively high prevalence of migraines.
  • Sinus headache: Caused by inflammation or infection of the sinuses, leading to pain and pressure in the face and head. This is a common condition that can cause headaches.
  • Cluster headache: Although less common, cluster headaches are extremely painful and occur in cycles or clusters, often waking the patient from sleep. Their severity and distinct pattern make them a consideration.
• Do Not Miss (ddxs that may not be likely, but would be deadly if missed.)
  • Subarachnoid hemorrhage: A life-threatening condition caused by bleeding into the space surrounding the brain, leading to a sudden, severe headache often described as "the worst headache" ever experienced. Early diagnosis is crucial for survival.
  • Meningitis: Inflammation of the protective membranes covering the brain and spinal cord, which can be caused by infection. Symptoms include severe headache, fever, and stiff neck. Prompt treatment is necessary to prevent serious complications.
  • Temporal arteritis: Inflammation of the blood vessels in the head, which can lead to blindness if not treated promptly. It's characterized by a severe headache, often accompanied by jaw claudication and visual disturbances.
• Rare diagnoses
  • Brain tumor: Although rare, a brain tumor can cause headaches due to increased intracranial pressure. The headache is often worse in the morning and can be accompanied by vomiting and neurological deficits.
  • Idiopathic intracranial hypertension (IIH): A condition characterized by increased pressure within the skull without any apparent cause, leading to headaches and vision changes. It's more common in obese women of childbearing age.
  • Trigeminal neuralgia: A chronic pain condition that affects the trigeminal nerve, which carries sensation from your face to your brain. It's characterized by intense, shock-like or stabbing pain in parts of your face.