Asthma: A common condition characterized by chronic inflammation and hyperreactivity of the airways, leading to episodic airflow obstruction. The presence of a dry cough and shortness of breath (SOB) are typical symptoms, especially if they are recurrent or worsen at night or with exertion.

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): Includes conditions like emphysema and chronic bronchitis, characterized by airflow limitation that is not fully reversible. A dry cough and SOB, particularly on exertion, are common symptoms.
Pneumonia: An infection of the lungs that can cause cough and SOB. While typically productive, some forms of pneumonia (like atypical pneumonia) may present with a dry cough.
Gastroesophageal Reflux Disease (GERD): Stomach acid reflux can irritate the throat and lungs, leading to a dry cough and SOB, especially when lying down or after eating.
Allergic Rhinitis: Postnasal drip from allergies can irritate the throat, leading to a dry cough, and may also cause SOB if the allergic reaction is severe.

Pulmonary Embolism: A blockage of an artery in the lungs that can cause sudden onset of SOB and dry cough. It's critical to consider this diagnosis due to its high mortality rate if untreated.
Lung Cancer: Can present with a chronic cough and SOB, especially in smokers or those exposed to carcinogens. Early detection is crucial for treatment outcomes.
Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that can cause a chronic cough, SOB, and other systemic symptoms. It's essential to consider TB, especially in individuals with risk factors such as immunocompromised states or recent travel to endemic areas.
Sarcoidosis: An inflammatory disease that can affect the lungs, causing cough, SOB, and other symptoms. It's crucial not to miss this diagnosis due to its potential for significant morbidity if left untreated.

Cystic Fibrosis: A genetic disorder that leads to severe respiratory and digestive problems, including a chronic cough and SOB. It's rare in adults without a previous diagnosis but should be considered in those with suggestive symptoms and no other explanation.
Eosinophilic Pneumonia: A rare condition characterized by an accumulation of eosinophils in the lungs, leading to cough, SOB, and other respiratory symptoms.
Lymphangitic Carcinomatosis: Spread of cancer to the lymphatic vessels of the lungs, causing cough, SOB, and other symptoms. It's a rare but serious condition that requires prompt diagnosis and treatment.