Balanitis: This is an inflammation of the glans penis and is often caused by bacterial or fungal infections. The symptoms can include redness, swelling, and discharge, which aligns with the description of infected glands and skin on the penis, particularly affecting the prepuce.

Phimosis: This condition involves a tightening of the foreskin that can lead to infection due to the inability to properly clean the area. It's a common issue that could lead to symptoms described.
Paraphimosis: A condition where the foreskin is retracted behind the glans and cannot return to its original position, which can cut off blood flow and lead to infection.
Sexually Transmitted Infections (STIs): Such as gonorrhea, chlamydia, or syphilis, which can cause infections and symptoms on the genital area, including the penis and prepuce.

Fournier's Gangrene: A severe and potentially life-threatening condition characterized by necrotizing fasciitis of the genitalia. Although rare, it requires immediate medical attention.
Malignancy: Certain types of skin cancer, such as squamous cell carcinoma, can present with lesions or infections on the penis, including the prepuce.

Lichen Sclerosus: A chronic inflammatory skin condition that can affect the genital area, leading to thinning and scarring of the skin, potentially causing discomfort and increasing the risk of infection.
Psoriasis or Eczema: These skin conditions can affect any part of the body, including the genital area, and might cause symptoms that could be mistaken for an infection, such as redness and irritation.