Viral Pharyngitis: This is often the most common cause of painful neck glands, typically resulting from a viral infection such as mononucleosis or the common cold. The painful lymph nodes are usually a response to the infection in the throat.

Strep Throat: A bacterial infection caused by Group A Streptococcus, which can lead to swollen and painful lymph nodes in the neck.
Tonsillitis: Inflammation of the tonsils, which can be caused by either viral or bacterial infections, leading to pain and swelling in the neck glands.
Mononucleosis (Mono): Caused by the Epstein-Barr virus, it leads to fever, sore throat, and swollen lymph nodes, particularly in the neck.
Lymphadenitis: An infection of the lymph nodes themselves, which can be caused by bacteria or other pathogens, leading to pain and swelling.

Hodgkin Lymphoma: A type of cancer that affects the immune system and can cause swollen lymph nodes, including those in the neck. Although less common, it's critical to diagnose early.
Tuberculosis (TB): A bacterial infection that can affect the lungs but also cause swollen and painful lymph nodes in the neck.
Lymphoma (Non-Hodgkin): Another type of cancer affecting the immune system, which can present with swollen lymph nodes.
Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV): Infection with HIV can lead to persistent generalized lymphadenopathy, including painful neck glands.

Cat-Scratch Disease: Caused by the bacterium Bartonella henselae, transmitted through cat scratches or bites, leading to swollen and painful lymph nodes.
Toxoplasmosis: A parasitic infection that can cause swollen lymph nodes, particularly in individuals with weakened immune systems.
Sarcoidosis: A condition that leads to the formation of granulomas in various parts of the body, including the lymph nodes, which can cause swelling and pain.
Kikuchi-Fujimoto Disease: A rare condition of the lymph nodes, characterized by painful swelling, typically in the neck, and is often self-limiting.