Differential Diagnosis for Acute Elevated Liver Function Tests
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Viral Hepatitis: The combination of acute elevated liver function tests, cough, fever, nausea, and vomiting in a healthy 22-year-old male suggests a viral etiology. Viral hepatitis (such as hepatitis A, B, or C) can present with these symptoms and significantly elevated liver enzymes.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Influenza or Other Viral Infections: Influenza and other viral infections can cause elevated liver enzymes, especially in the context of a systemic infection with symptoms like cough, fever, and gastrointestinal upset.
- Medication-Induced Liver Injury: Although not specified, the use of over-the-counter medications for cough and fever (like acetaminophen) could lead to liver injury, especially if taken in excess.
- Alcoholic Liver Disease: While less likely in a healthy 22-year-old without a specified history of alcohol use, acute alcoholic hepatitis could present with elevated liver enzymes and systemic symptoms.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Acetaminophen Overdose: This is a critical diagnosis to consider due to its potential for severe liver damage and the availability of antidotal therapy (N-acetylcysteine). Even if the patient does not admit to an overdose, the possibility of unintentional excessive intake for fever and pain management should be considered.
- Budd-Chiari Syndrome: Although rare and less likely given the normal CT evaluation, Budd-Chiari syndrome (hepatic vein thrombosis) can present with acute liver dysfunction and should be considered, especially if there are risk factors for thrombosis.
Rare Diagnoses
- Autoimmune Hepatitis: This condition can present acutely and would be suggested by very high liver enzymes and possibly autoimmune markers, although it is less common in young males without other autoimmune diseases.
- Wilson's Disease: An inherited disorder of copper metabolism that can cause acute liver failure, although it would be unusual for it to first present in adulthood without prior symptoms.
- Ischemic Hepatitis (Shock Liver): Could occur in the setting of severe systemic infection leading to hypoperfusion of the liver, but would typically be accompanied by signs of shock or severe hypotension.
- Toxic Liver Injury from Other Substances: Exposure to certain toxins or drugs (e.g., mushrooms, certain herbal supplements) could cause acute liver injury, and a thorough history of exposure is necessary to consider these diagnoses.