What are the key points to cover in a presentation on heart failure?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: October 27, 2025View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

Heart Failure Presentation for MRCP Trainee

For an effective heart failure presentation, focus on comprehensive coverage of diagnosis, classification, pathophysiology, and management strategies that directly impact patient morbidity, mortality, and quality of life.

Definition and Classification

  • Heart failure is a clinical syndrome characterized by typical symptoms (dyspnea, fatigue) and signs (edema, pulmonary congestion) resulting from cardiac dysfunction 1, 2
  • Classification by ejection fraction:
    • Heart failure with reduced ejection fraction (HFrEF): LVEF ≤40% 2
    • Heart failure with mildly reduced ejection fraction (HFmrEF): LVEF 41-49%
    • Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFpEF): LVEF ≥50% 2, 1
  • Functional classification using NYHA system (I-IV) based on symptom severity 2

Epidemiology and Burden

  • Global prevalence exceeds 23 million people with rising incidence 3
  • Lifetime risk of developing heart failure is one in five 3
  • High morbidity and mortality rates comparable to many cancers 3
  • Significant economic burden with high hospitalization and readmission rates 3, 4

Pathophysiology

  • Multiple etiologies including ischemic heart disease, hypertension, valvular disease, cardiomyopathies 2, 5
  • Compensatory mechanisms initially beneficial but eventually detrimental:
    • Frank-Starling mechanism
    • Ventricular remodeling
    • Neurohormonal activation 5
  • Systolic dysfunction: impaired contractility and ejection fraction
  • Diastolic dysfunction: impaired relaxation and filling 1

Diagnostic Approach

  • Clinical presentation: dyspnea, fatigue, peripheral edema, and pulmonary congestion 1, 6
  • Essential diagnostic tests:
    • Electrocardiogram (ECG) - a normal ECG has >90% negative predictive value for excluding LV systolic dysfunction 1
    • Chest X-ray to detect cardiomegaly and pulmonary congestion 1
    • Echocardiography - the preferred method for assessing cardiac function and structure 1
    • Laboratory tests including complete blood count, electrolytes, renal function, liver function, and cardiac biomarkers 1
  • Biomarkers:
    • B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) or N-terminal pro-BNP (NT-proBNP) - elevated in heart failure 1, 2
    • Cardiac troponins to rule out acute coronary syndrome 1

Common Precipitating Factors

  • Medication non-adherence and dietary indiscretion 1
  • Acute coronary syndromes and uncontrolled hypertension 1
  • Arrhythmias, particularly atrial fibrillation 1
  • Infections, especially respiratory 1
  • Medications that worsen heart failure (NSAIDs, certain calcium channel blockers) 1
  • Anemia and thyroid disorders 1

Management Strategies

Non-pharmacological Management

  • Patient education on self-care behaviors:
    • Daily weight monitoring - report weight gain >2kg in 3 days 1
    • Sodium restriction and fluid management 1
    • Regular physical activity appropriate to functional capacity 1
    • Smoking cessation and limited alcohol intake 1
  • Immunization against influenza and pneumococcal disease 1

Pharmacological Management

  • SGLT2 inhibitors are now recommended for patients with HFpEF based on recent breakthrough trial data showing reduced cardiovascular death and heart failure hospitalizations 1
  • Diuretics for symptom relief and volume management 1
  • Neurohormonal antagonists for HFrEF:
    • ACE inhibitors/ARBs/ARNI
    • Beta-blockers
    • Mineralocorticoid receptor antagonists
  • Ivabradine for patients with elevated heart rate despite optimal beta-blocker therapy 7
  • Treatment of underlying causes and comorbidities 1

Advanced Therapies

  • Device therapy:
    • Cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT)
    • Implantable cardioverter-defibrillator (ICD) 1
  • Mechanical circulatory support
  • Heart transplantation for eligible patients 5

Discharge Planning and Follow-up

  • Coordinated discharge planning should begin as soon as the patient is stable 1
  • Early physician follow-up after discharge reduces 30-day readmission rates 1
  • Multidisciplinary heart failure management programs improve outcomes 1
  • Telephone helplines can facilitate access to professional advice 1

Prognosis and Risk Stratification

  • Five-year mortality rates remain high, rivaling many cancers 3
  • Worsening heart failure episodes predict clinical progression and poorer outcomes 4
  • Early detection and management of worsening symptoms is crucial for improving prognosis 4

Special Considerations for Presentation

  • Include case examples demonstrating diagnostic challenges
  • Present management algorithms for different heart failure phenotypes
  • Discuss emerging therapies and ongoing clinical trials
  • Include practical tips for managing heart failure in resource-limited settings

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Heart Failure Diagnosis and Classification

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Epidemiology and risk profile of heart failure.

Nature reviews. Cardiology, 2011

Research

[Worsening heart failure: definition, management and treatment].

Giornale italiano di cardiologia (2006), 2025

Research

The pathophysiology of heart failure.

Cardiovascular pathology : the official journal of the Society for Cardiovascular Pathology, 2012

Research

Diagnosis and evaluation of heart failure.

American family physician, 2012

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.