Differential Diagnosis for Acute Unilateral Hearing Loss
Single Most Likely Diagnosis
- Idiopathic Sudden Sensorineural Hearing Loss (SSNHL): This condition is characterized by a sudden loss of hearing in one ear, often without an identifiable cause. It is a common condition that can occur at any age, including the mid-30s, and typically presents as an isolated symptom.
Other Likely Diagnoses
- Middle Ear Infection (Otitis Media): An infection of the middle ear can cause hearing loss, especially if it leads to the accumulation of fluid or the formation of a perforated eardrum. It's a plausible cause in a healthy individual, especially if there's a history of recent upper respiratory infection.
- Earwax Impaction: A buildup of earwax can cause a blockage in the ear canal, leading to hearing loss. This is a common and easily treatable condition.
- Acoustic Trauma: Exposure to loud noises can cause damage to the inner ear, leading to hearing loss. Given the age and potential exposure to loud music or occupational noise, this is a possible diagnosis.
Do Not Miss Diagnoses
- Stroke or Cerebrovascular Accident (CVA): Although less common, a stroke can present with sudden hearing loss, especially if it involves areas of the brain responsible for auditory processing. Given the potential severity of this condition, it's crucial not to miss it.
- Multiple Sclerosis: This autoimmune disease can cause a wide range of neurological symptoms, including hearing loss. Early diagnosis is critical for effective management.
- Vestibular Schwannoma (Acoustic Neuroma): A benign tumor on the nerve connecting the inner ear to the brain can cause hearing loss, among other symptoms. Early detection is important for treatment planning.
Rare Diagnoses
- Autoimmune Inner Ear Disease: A rare condition where the body's immune system attacks the inner ear, leading to hearing loss.
- Cogan Syndrome: A rare disorder characterized by recurrent corneal inflammation and vestibular-auditory symptoms, including hearing loss.
- Syphilis: In its late stages, syphilis can cause a variety of neurological problems, including hearing loss. Given its rarity and the importance of treatment, it remains a consideration.
Initial Investigations
- Audiometry: To assess the degree and type of hearing loss.
- Otoscopy: To examine the ear canal and eardrum for signs of infection, wax impaction, or other abnormalities.
- Tympanometry: To evaluate the function of the middle ear.
- Imaging (MRI): Especially if there's suspicion of a cerebrovascular event, multiple sclerosis, or a vestibular schwannoma.
Initial Treatment
- Corticosteroids: For idiopathic SSNHL, to reduce inflammation and potentially improve hearing outcomes.
- Antibiotics: If a middle ear infection is diagnosed.
- Earwax removal: For impaction.
- Referral to an ENT specialist: For further evaluation and management, especially if the diagnosis is unclear or if initial treatments are not effective.