What is the management for a 2-month-old baby born to a person living with Human Immunodeficiency Virus (HIV) on Antiretroviral Therapy (ART) with a negative HIV confirmatory test but with elevated Serum Glutamic-Oxaloacetic Transaminase (SGOT) and Serum Glutamic-Pyruvic Transaminase (SGPT)?

Management of Elevated Liver Enzymes in HIV-Exposed Infant with Negative HIV Test

The elevated SGOT and SGPT in this 2-month-old HIV-exposed infant most likely represents antiretroviral drug-induced hepatotoxicity from maternal combination ART exposure, and management should include more intensive monitoring of hematologic and serum chemistry measurements while continuing HIV prophylaxis and diagnostic testing. 1

Immediate Assessment and Monitoring

Infants born to mothers on combination antiretroviral therapy require more intensive monitoring of liver function and hematologic parameters during the first few weeks of life due to limited data on potential toxicities from maternal combination ART exposure. 1

• The elevated transaminases are likely related to in utero exposure to maternal combination ART, as guidelines specifically note that data are limited concerning potential toxicities in infants whose mothers received combination antiretroviral therapy 1
• Perform complete blood count with differential to assess for anemia and other hematologic abnormalities, as anemia is the primary complication of neonatal antiretroviral regimens 1
• Monitor liver enzymes (AST/SGOT and ALT/SGPT) serially during the first few weeks of life 1
• Assess for clinical signs of hepatotoxicity including jaundice, poor feeding, or lethargy 1

HIV Prophylaxis Continuation

Continue the infant's antiretroviral prophylaxis regimen despite elevated liver enzymes, as the benefit of preventing HIV infection outweighs the risk of transient hepatotoxicity in most cases. 1

• The standard 6-week zidovudine (ZDV) prophylaxis regimen should be completed unless severe hepatotoxicity develops (AST/ALT >5 times upper limit of normal) 1
• More intensive monitoring is warranted but does not necessarily require discontinuation of prophylaxis 1
• Consider consultation with a pediatric HIV specialist if liver enzymes continue to rise or exceed 5 times the upper limit of normal 1

HIV Diagnostic Testing Schedule

Despite the negative confirmatory test, continue scheduled HIV diagnostic testing as maternal combination ART may affect the sensitivity of infant virologic testing. 1

• Repeat HIV virologic testing (DNA or RNA PCR) at 1-2 months of age, as the infant is currently at this critical testing window 1
• Perform additional testing at 3-6 months of age after completion of antiretroviral prophylaxis, as infants with negative tests during the first 6 weeks should have diagnostic evaluation repeated after completing the neonatal prophylaxis regimen 1
• The effect of combination antiretroviral therapy in the mother on the sensitivity of infant virologic diagnostic testing is unknown, necessitating careful follow-up 1
• HIV infection can be reasonably excluded with two or more negative virologic tests performed at >1 month and >4 months of age in an asymptomatic infant 1

Pneumocystis Prophylaxis

Initiate Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia (PCP) prophylaxis at 6 weeks of age following completion of the ZDV prophylaxis regimen, regardless of HIV test results or liver enzyme levels. 1

• All infants born to HIV-infected women should begin PCP prophylaxis at 4-6 weeks of age 1
• Continue prophylaxis until HIV infection is definitively excluded 1
• PCP prophylaxis should not be withheld due to elevated liver enzymes unless severe hepatotoxicity is present 1

Expected Course and Follow-up

Antiretroviral-related hepatotoxicity typically resolves spontaneously after completion of the prophylaxis regimen, with normalization expected by 12 weeks of age. 1

• Repeat liver enzyme measurements at 6 weeks (completion of ZDV regimen) and 12 weeks of age 1
• By 12 weeks of age, any antiretroviral-related toxicity should be resolved 1
• If liver enzymes remain elevated beyond 12 weeks, investigate alternative causes of hepatotoxicity including congenital infections, metabolic disorders, or other hepatobiliary pathology 1

Critical Pitfalls to Avoid

• Do not discontinue HIV prophylaxis prematurely based solely on elevated liver enzymes unless severe hepatotoxicity (>5 times upper limit of normal) develops, as this increases risk of HIV transmission 1
• Do not rely on a single negative HIV test to exclude infection in infants exposed to maternal combination ART, as the effect on diagnostic test sensitivity is unknown 1
• Do not delay PCP prophylaxis at 6 weeks of age due to elevated liver enzymes, as the risk of PCP in HIV-infected infants is substantial 1
• Do not assume normal liver enzymes exclude other complications - continue monitoring for anemia and other hematologic abnormalities throughout the prophylaxis period 1