What is the recommended general anaesthetic for a laparoscopic cholecystectomy in a patient with myasthenia gravis?

Medical Advisory BoardAll articles are reviewed for accuracy by our Medical Advisory Board
Educational purpose only • Exercise caution as content is pending human review
Article Review Status
Submitted
Under Review
Approved

Last updated: November 5, 2025View editorial policy

Personalize

Help us tailor your experience

Which best describes you? Your choice helps us use language that's most understandable for you.

Anesthetic Management for Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy in Myasthenia Gravis

Use total intravenous anesthesia (TIVA) with propofol and remifentanil, avoiding or minimizing neuromuscular blocking agents, with careful titration and planning for immediate extubation.

Induction and Maintenance Strategy

The optimal approach is TIVA using propofol for induction and maintenance, combined with remifentanil for analgesia, which allows rapid emergence and avoids prolonged neuromuscular blockade 1, 2, 3. This technique has been successfully used specifically for laparoscopic cholecystectomy in myasthenia gravis patients 1.

Specific Drug Recommendations

Induction:

  • Propofol at 6 mg/kg/h initially, then reduced to 3 mg/kg/h for maintenance 4
  • Remifentanil 0.5 μg/kg bolus, followed by continuous infusion at 0.04-0.08 μg/kg/min 4, 2
  • Consider low-dose midazolam (0.05 mg/kg) for co-induction if needed 4

Maintenance:

  • Continue propofol infusion at 3 mg/kg/h 4
  • Remifentanil continuous infusion at 0.5 μg/kg/min 4

Neuromuscular Blocking Agent Considerations

Avoid neuromuscular blocking agents entirely if possible 2, 3. If absolutely necessary for surgical conditions:

  • Use rocuronium at significantly reduced doses (10-20% of normal) 5, 3
  • Myasthenia gravis patients are extremely sensitive to nondepolarizing agents and resistant to depolarizing agents 6, 3
  • Never use succinylcholine - patients are resistant and require 2-2.5 times normal dose 3
  • Have sugammadex immediately available for reversal - this is superior to acetylcholinesterase inhibitors which can precipitate cholinergic crisis 3

Critical Monitoring Requirements

Standard monitoring plus neuromuscular monitoring is essential 5:

  • ECG, pulse oximetry, non-invasive blood pressure, capnography 5
  • Neuromuscular monitoring with train-of-four is mandatory if any muscle relaxant is used 3
  • Temperature monitoring to maintain normothermia 5

Extubation Criteria - Most Critical Decision Point

Extubate only when ALL of the following are met 3:

  • Train-of-four ratio >0.9 (if neuromuscular blockade was used)
  • Sustained head lift for 5 seconds
  • Strong hand grip
  • Vital capacity >15-20 mL/kg
  • Negative inspiratory force <-25 cm H₂O
  • Absolutely no residual curarization 3

Postoperative Pain Management

Use multimodal opioid-sparing analgesia 5, 3:

  • Acetaminophen and NSAIDs as primary agents 5
  • Minimize opioids - they can precipitate respiratory depression and myasthenic crisis 3
  • Consider ultrasound-guided transversus abdominis plane (TAP) blocks or local anesthetic infiltration for laparoscopic port sites 3
  • Avoid long-acting benzodiazepines which impair respiratory drive 3

Preoperative Optimization

Continue all anticholinesterase medications (pyridostigmine) up to and including the morning of surgery 3. The patient should be in optimal disease control before elective surgery 6, 3.

Risk Factors for Postoperative Complications

High-risk features requiring ICU consideration 3:

  • Disease duration >6 years
  • Chronic respiratory disease
  • Pyridostigmine dose >750 mg/day
  • Vital capacity <2.9 L preoperatively
  • Bulbar symptoms

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

  • Never use methocarbamol - it interferes with pyridostigmine and is contraindicated in myasthenia gravis 7
  • Avoid volatile anesthetics - while not absolutely contraindicated, TIVA is superior for rapid emergence 1, 2
  • Do not routinely admit to ICU - most patients can be safely extubated immediately if proper technique is used 3
  • Avoid excessive opioids and sedatives in the recovery period 3

Algorithm Summary

  1. Preoperative: Continue pyridostigmine, optimize disease control
  2. Induction: Propofol + remifentanil (avoid or minimize muscle relaxants)
  3. Maintenance: TIVA with propofol/remifentanil infusions
  4. Emergence: Ensure complete reversal if relaxants used (sugammadex), meet all extubation criteria
  5. Postoperative: Multimodal analgesia with regional techniques, minimal opioids

This approach provides hemodynamic stability, excellent surgical conditions for laparoscopy, rapid emergence, and minimizes the risk of postoperative respiratory complications 1, 4, 2, 3.

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

Have a follow-up question?

Our Medical A.I. is used by practicing medical doctors at top research institutions around the world. Ask any follow up question and get world-class guideline-backed answers instantly.