From the Research
The deficit associated with a 2nd arch nerve issue (pre-trigeminal or "pre trameric") is taste to the tip of the tongue (option d). The second arch is innervated by the facial nerve (cranial nerve VII), which provides taste sensation to the anterior two-thirds of the tongue through its chorda tympani branch. When this nerve is damaged before it reaches the trigeminal nerve pathway (pre-trigeminal), taste sensation to the tip and anterior portion of the tongue is lost. The facial nerve also supplies parasympathetic innervation to various glands, but specifically for taste to the tip of the tongue, it's the chorda tympani branch that's responsible. This is important clinically because patients with facial nerve lesions often report altered taste sensation in addition to the more obvious facial muscle weakness. The other options (parasympathetic innervation to parotid, submandibular, and lacrimal glands) involve different nerve pathways or different branches of the facial nerve, as discussed in studies such as 1 and 2, which focus on the parasympathetic innervation of the submandibular gland. However, the most relevant information for this question comes from the general knowledge of cranial nerve anatomy and function, rather than the specific details of these studies. In particular, the study 3 on submandibular gland regeneration and the study 4 on the communications between the auriculotemporal nerve and the facial nerve provide some background on the parasympathetic nervous system, but do not directly address the question of the deficit associated with a 2nd arch nerve issue. Similarly, the study 5 on neurologic deficits after aortic arch replacement is not directly relevant to the question at hand. Therefore, based on the general principles of cranial nerve anatomy and function, the correct answer is option d, taste to the tip of the tongue.