What are the diagnostic criteria and treatment options for bronchitis?

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Diagnosis of Bronchitis

Distinguish Between Acute Bronchitis and Bronchiolitis First

The diagnosis of bronchitis depends entirely on patient age: bronchiolitis affects children under 2 years, while acute bronchitis occurs in older children and adults. 1, 2


For Children Under 2 Years: Bronchiolitis

Clinical Diagnosis Without Testing

Diagnose bronchiolitis based on history and physical examination alone—do not routinely order chest radiographs, laboratory studies, or RSV testing. 1, 2

Required Clinical Features

  • Viral upper respiratory prodrome (rhinorrhea, congestion) followed by lower respiratory signs 2
  • Lower respiratory signs: tachypnea, wheezing, rales, and cough 2
  • Increased respiratory effort: grunting, nasal flaring, intercostal/subcostal retractions 2

Critical History Elements

  • Age under 2 years (most commonly under 12 months) 1
  • Effects on feeding and hydration status 2
  • Mental status changes (lethargy or irritability) 2

Physical Examination Specifics

  • Count respiratory rate for full 60 seconds 2
  • Tachypnea ≥70 breaths/minute indicates increased risk for severe disease 1, 2
  • Perform serial observations over time rather than relying on a single examination, as findings vary substantially 1, 2

Risk Factors for Severe Disease

Assess these factors to guide management decisions 1, 2:

  • Age <12 weeks
  • Prematurity (gestational age <37 weeks)
  • Hemodynamically significant congenital heart disease
  • Chronic lung disease/bronchopulmonary dysplasia
  • Immunodeficiency
  • In utero smoke exposure

When Testing May Be Indicated

Chest radiography is useful only when: 1

  • The hospitalized child does not improve at the expected rate
  • Disease severity requires further evaluation
  • Another diagnosis (such as pneumonia) is suspected

Routine testing increases costs without improving outcomes and may lead to inappropriate antibiotic prescribing. 2


For Older Children and Adults: Acute Bronchitis

Clinical Diagnosis

Acute bronchitis is a clinical diagnosis characterized by acute cough due to inflammation of the trachea and large airways without evidence of pneumonia. 3, 4

Exclude Pneumonia First

Do not diagnose acute bronchitis if any of these findings are present—obtain chest radiograph to rule out pneumonia: 1

  • Heart rate >100 beats/min
  • Respiratory rate >24 breaths/min
  • Oral temperature >38°C
  • Chest examination findings of focal consolidation, egophony, or fremitus

The absence of all four findings reduces the likelihood of pneumonia sufficiently to eliminate the need for chest radiography. 1

Consider Pertussis

Suspect pertussis when: 1, 3

  • Cough persists >2 weeks
  • Paroxysmal cough, whooping sound, or post-tussive vomiting present
  • Recent pertussis exposure documented

Key Clinical Features

  • Acute cough (with or without sputum production) lasting typically 2-3 weeks 3, 5, 4
  • Purulent sputum does not distinguish bacterial from viral infection 1, 5
  • Viruses cause >90% of cases 5

No Routine Testing Required

Diagnostic testing is not indicated unless there is concern for pneumonia, influenza, COVID-19, or pertussis. 4


Common Pitfalls to Avoid

  • Do not order chest radiographs for typical bronchiolitis—this leads to unnecessary antibiotic prescribing without improving outcomes 1, 2
  • Do not assume green or purulent sputum indicates bacterial infection—this finding does not reliably differentiate viral from bacterial causes 1, 5
  • Do not diagnose acute bronchitis in patients with vital sign abnormalities—these patients require pneumonia evaluation 1
  • Do not rely on single physical examination in bronchiolitis—serial observations provide more accurate assessment 1, 2

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Diagnosing Bronchiolitis

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Acute Bronchitis.

American family physician, 2016

Research

Acute Bronchitis: Rapid Evidence Review.

American family physician, 2025

Research

Diagnosis and treatment of acute bronchitis.

American family physician, 2010

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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