What alternative medication can be used instead of Ativan (lorazepam) for anxiety?

Alternative Medications to Ativan (Lorazepam) for Anxiety

For general anxiety management, buspirone (BuSpar) 5 mg twice daily (maximum 20 mg three times daily) is the preferred non-benzodiazepine alternative, though it requires 2-4 weeks to become effective and is most useful for mild to moderate agitation. 1

First-Line Non-Benzodiazepine Options

SSRIs and SNRIs (Preferred for Long-Term Management)

• Sertraline and escitalopram are first-line pharmacotherapy options for anxiety disorders, with sertraline typically dosed at 50-175 mg daily 1, 2
• Paroxetine, fluvoxamine, and venlafaxine are equally effective second-line alternatives, though they may have more side effects or discontinuation symptoms 1
• These agents require 4-8 weeks for full therapeutic effect and should be increased gradually every 5-7 days until therapeutic benefits appear 1

Buspirone (Non-Benzodiazepine Anxiolytic)

• Start at 5 mg twice daily, titrate to maximum 20 mg three times daily 1
• Critical limitation: Only effective for mild to moderate agitation and requires 2-4 weeks to work 1
• No risk of tolerance, addiction, or cognitive impairment unlike benzodiazepines 1

Sedating Antidepressants (For Anxiety with Insomnia)

When anxiety is accompanied by sleep disturbance or after other treatment failures:

• Trazodone (Desyrel): Start 25 mg daily, maximum 200-400 mg in divided doses; has little anticholinergic activity and is particularly useful for anxiety with insomnia 1, 3
• Mirtazapine: Effective for anxiety with insomnia but associated with weight gain 1, 3
• Tricyclic antidepressants (desipramine 10-25 mg morning, maximum 150 mg; nortriptyline 10 mg bedtime, maximum 40 mg daily): These have more side effects including cardiotoxicity and anticholinergic effects 1

Important caveat: Low-dose sedating antidepressants have relatively weak evidence for efficacy when used alone for anxiety 1

Alternative Benzodiazepines (If Benzodiazepine Class Required)

If a benzodiazepine is clinically necessary but lorazepam is unavailable or unsuitable:

For Acute Anxiety/Agitation

• Midazolam 2.5-5 mg subcutaneously every 2-4 hours (for patients unable to swallow) 1
• Reduce to 5 mg over 24 hours if eGFR <30 mL/min 1

For Oral Administration

• Oxazepam (Serax), temazepam (Restoril), or triazolam (Halcion) - short half-life agents that are least problematic with infrequent, low doses 1
• Alprazolam: 0.25-0.5 mg orally three times daily for anxiety; reduce to 0.25 mg 2-3 times daily in elderly or debilitated patients 1
• Clonazepam: May be considered if longer duration of action is appropriate 1

Critical warning: Regular benzodiazepine use leads to tolerance, addiction, depression, and cognitive impairment; paradoxical agitation occurs in approximately 10% of patients 1

Adjunctive Medications for Specific Situations

For Benzodiazepine Tapering

• Gabapentin may help mitigate anxiety, insomnia, and irritability during tapering 3
• Clonidine can suppress withdrawal symptoms but requires careful titration due to hypotension risk 3
• Tizanidine is less effective but causes less hypotension 3

For Severe Agitation in Emergency Settings

• Haloperidol 0.5-1 mg orally at night and every 2 hours as needed (maximum 10 mg daily, or 5 mg in elderly) 1
• Consider adding a benzodiazepine if patient remains agitated 1

Evidence-Based Non-Pharmacological Approaches

Cognitive behavioral therapy (CBT) should be prioritized alongside or instead of medication, as it increases treatment success rates and provides lasting benefits. 1, 3

• CBT structured as approximately 14 individual sessions of 60-90 minutes over 4 months, or 12 group sessions of 120-150 minutes over 3 months 1
• Interdisciplinary approaches incorporating mindfulness stress reduction and relaxation training show beneficial outcomes 3
• Self-help with support based on CBT is suggested if patient does not want face-to-face therapy 1

Clinical Decision Algorithm

1. For chronic anxiety disorders: Start SSRI (sertraline or escitalopram) with concurrent CBT 1, 2

2. For mild-moderate anxiety without immediate crisis: Buspirone 5 mg twice daily, understanding 2-4 week onset 1

3. For anxiety with prominent insomnia: Trazodone 25 mg daily or mirtazapine 1, 3

4. For acute severe agitation requiring immediate control: Consider short-term benzodiazepine alternative (midazolam if unable to swallow, alprazolam if oral route available) with plan for rapid taper 1

5. For patients on chronic benzodiazepines: Initiate gradual taper (25% reduction every 1-2 weeks) with adjunctive trazodone, gabapentin, or mirtazapine plus CBT 3

Critical Safety Considerations

• Avoid concurrent benzodiazepines with opioids - this combination increases risk of fatal respiratory depression 3
• Benzodiazepines cause sedation, cognitive impairment, and fall risk, particularly in older adults 3
• Abrupt benzodiazepine withdrawal can cause rebound anxiety, hallucinations, seizures, and rarely death 3
• Address reversible causes first: explore patient concerns, ensure effective communication, treat hypoxia, urinary retention, or constipation 1