What is the recommended chest compression frequency during Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)?

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Recommended Chest Compression Frequency During CPR

The recommended chest compression rate during cardiopulmonary resuscitation is 100 to 120 compressions per minute for adult victims of cardiac arrest. 1, 2

Evidence-Based Recommendation

  • The American Heart Association strongly recommends a manual chest compression rate of 100 to 120 compressions per minute (strong recommendation, very-low-certainty evidence). 1

  • This represents an evolution from the 2010 guidelines, which recommended a rate of "at least 100/min" without specifying an upper limit. 1 The 2015 guidelines established the upper threshold of 120/min based on emerging evidence showing potential adverse effects at higher rates. 1, 2

Why This Specific Range Matters

Rates Below 100/min Are Inadequate

  • Compression rates below 100/min are associated with decreased return of spontaneous circulation (ROSC) and reduced survival. 2

  • Studies comparing mean compression rates of 87-95/min versus 40-72/min showed a 33% increase in ROSC with the higher rates. 1

Rates Above 120/min Cause Problems

  • Compression rates exceeding 120/min lead to deterioration in compression quality, particularly decreased depth. 2, 3

  • At rates of 140/min, systolic blood pressure decreased to 74% of baseline, and the fraction of compressions with complete chest recoil and sufficient depth significantly deteriorated. 1, 3

  • Rescuer fatigue occurs significantly sooner at 140 compressions/min compared to 120/min. 3

  • Studies demonstrate that as compression rate increases beyond 120/min, compression depth tends to decrease in a dose-dependent manner. 1, 2

The Optimal Target: 120 Compressions Per Minute

  • Research suggests that 120 compressions per minute may represent the optimal rate within the recommended range. 4, 3

  • A manikin study found that the number of high-quality CPR compressions was highest at 120/min, with significantly more compressions fulfilling quality criteria compared to 100/min. 4

  • At 120/min, the rate of incomplete chest recoil remained low while maintaining adequate compression depth. 4, 3

Integration with Other CPR Quality Metrics

High-quality CPR requires attention to multiple components simultaneously, not just rate: 2

  • Compression depth: At least 2 inches (5 cm) but not exceeding 2.4 inches (6 cm) 1, 2
  • Complete chest recoil: Allow full chest wall recoil between compressions 1, 2
  • Minimize interruptions: Maintain chest compression fraction >60%, ideally >80% 1, 2
  • Compression-to-ventilation ratio: 30:2 for adults 1

Critical Implementation Considerations

Use of Feedback Devices

  • Audiovisual feedback devices may be reasonable for real-time optimization of compression rate and other quality metrics (Class IIb recommendation). 1, 2

  • These devices help rescuers maintain the target rate of 100-120/min and adequate depth simultaneously. 2, 5

Rescuer Rotation

  • Rotate the chest compressor role approximately every 2 minutes to maintain high-quality compressions. 1, 2

  • Compression depth begins to decrease after 90-120 seconds of CPR, even though compression rates may remain stable. 1

  • This rotation should coincide with rhythm analysis to minimize interruptions. 1

Common Pitfalls to Avoid

  • Compressing too fast (>120/min): This is a frequent error that compromises compression depth and chest recoil. 2, 3

  • Focusing solely on rate while ignoring depth: Studies show that evaluating a single CPR quality metric in isolation can be misleading, as rate and depth interact significantly. 1, 2

  • Failing to rotate compressors: This leads to fatigue and progressive deterioration in compression quality, particularly depth. 1, 2

  • Excessive pauses: Transport CPR quality is significantly worse than on-scene CPR, with median correct depth proportions dropping from 41.9% on-scene to 8.7% during transport. 6

Special Population Considerations

Pediatric Patients

  • For simplicity in training and in the absence of sufficient pediatric-specific evidence, it is reasonable to use the same compression rate of 100-120/min for infants and children (Class IIa recommendation). 1

References

Guideline

Guideline Directed Topic Overview

Dr.Oracle Medical Advisory Board & Editors, 2025

Guideline

Optimal Chest Compression Rate for CPR

Praxis Medical Insights: Practical Summaries of Clinical Guidelines, 2025

Research

Optimal chest compression rate in cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a prospective, randomized crossover study using a manikin model.

European journal of emergency medicine : official journal of the European Society for Emergency Medicine, 2016

Professional Medical Disclaimer

This information is intended for healthcare professionals. Any medical decision-making should rely on clinical judgment and independently verified information. The content provided herein does not replace professional discretion and should be considered supplementary to established clinical guidelines. Healthcare providers should verify all information against primary literature and current practice standards before application in patient care. Dr.Oracle assumes no liability for clinical decisions based on this content.

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