What is Coronavirus OC43 (Orthocoronavirus 43)?

From the Guidelines

Human coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43) infection is associated with neuropsychiatric symptoms, and treatment should focus on managing these symptoms and preventing potential long-term neurodegenerative effects. According to a review of the literature 1, coronaviruses, including OC43, have been shown to be neurotropic, infecting fetal and adult neurons, astrocytes, and microglia. Studies have demonstrated that OC43 infection can lead to encephalitis-like syndrome, neural apoptosis, and necrosis in animal models 1. Furthermore, there is evidence of an association between coronavirus infection, including OC43, and new onset psychosis in humans 1.

Key points to consider in the management of HCoV-OC43 infection include:

• The potential for neuropsychiatric symptoms, such as psychosis, and the need for monitoring and treatment of these symptoms
• The possibility of long-term neurodegenerative effects, such as decreased hippocampal volume, and the importance of follow-up and potential intervention to prevent or mitigate these effects
• The need for supportive care, including rest, adequate hydration, and management of fever and pain with over-the-counter medications like acetaminophen or ibuprofen
• The importance of considering the potential for more serious lower respiratory infections in elderly people, young children, or those with compromised immune systems, and taking steps to prevent and manage these complications.

Overall, while HCoV-OC43 infection is typically self-limiting, it is essential to prioritize the management of neuropsychiatric symptoms and potential long-term neurodegenerative effects to improve outcomes and quality of life 1.

From the Research

Overview of Corona OC43

• Corona OC43, also known as Human Coronavirus OC43 (HCoV-OC43), is a prevalent human coronavirus that can cause the common cold and severe lower respiratory tract illnesses in children 2.
• HCoV-OC43 is a useful model for studying coronaviruses, including COVID-19, due to its low-risk nature and similarities to SARS-CoV-2 3.

Clinical Characteristics and Outcomes

• The chief symptoms of HCoV-OC43 infection are fever, cough, and upper respiratory tract infection symptoms 2.
• HCoV-OC43 infection can be associated with lower respiratory tract infection, especially in those coinfected with other respiratory viruses 2.
• Immunity against seasonal HCoV-OC43 may mitigate fatal deterioration of COVID-19 4.

Antiviral Activity and Treatment

• Remdesivir, chloroquine, and interferon-β have been shown to have antiviral activity against HCoV-OC43, with remdesivir exhibiting stronger activity than chloroquine 5.
• The combination of IFN-β plus remdesivir or chloroquine may induce maximal antiviral activity against HCoV-OC43 5.

Research and Comparison

• HCoV-OC43 is a well-matched surrogate for SARS-CoV-2, allowing for research at biosafety level 2 (BSL-2) instead of BSL-3 6.
• Different cell lines, such as HRT-18, MRC-5, and Vero E6 cells, can be used to grow HCoV-OC43, with varying growth parameters and cytopathic effects 6.
• Standardization of research methods and comparison of results are important for improving our understanding of HCoV-OC43 and its relationship to COVID-19 6.