What are the contraindications of Spironolactone (a potassium-sparing diuretic) in patients with heart failure?

From the Guidelines

Spironolactone should be avoided in heart failure patients with severe renal dysfunction (eGFR <30 mL/min), hyperkalemia (serum potassium >5.0 mEq/L), or in combination with other potassium-sparing diuretics, as stated in the most recent guidelines 1.

Key Considerations

• The use of spironolactone in heart failure patients requires careful monitoring of serum potassium and renal function, as it can cause hyperkalemia and worsening renal function 1.
• Patients with a history of gynecomastia should use spironolactone cautiously due to potential breast enlargement 1.
• The target dose of spironolactone for heart failure is 25-50 mg daily, with dose adjustments made based on potassium levels 1.

Monitoring and Dose Adjustments

• Monitor serum potassium and renal function within 1 week of initiation, then at 1 month and regularly thereafter 1.
• Dose adjustments should be made based on potassium levels, with a target dose of 25-50 mg daily 1.

Contraindications and Precautions

• Spironolactone is contraindicated in patients with Addison's disease and those with hypersensitivity to spironolactone 1.
• Patients should be advised to avoid high-potassium foods and potassium supplements while taking spironolactone 1.

Clinical Evidence

• The RALES trial demonstrated that spironolactone reduces mortality and hospitalization in patients with severe heart failure 1.
• The EPHESUS trial showed that eplerenone, another mineralocorticoid receptor antagonist, reduces mortality in patients with heart failure after acute myocardial infarction 1.

From the FDA Drug Label

4 CONTRAINDICATIONS Spironolactone is contraindicated in the patients with: Hyperkalemia Addison’s disease Concomitant use of eplerenone

The FDA drug label does not answer the question.

From the Research

Contraindications of Spironolactone in Heart Failure

• Spironolactone is generally used to treat heart failure, but it has several contraindications that need to be considered, including:
  • Hyperkalemia: Spironolactone can cause hyperkalemia, especially when used in combination with other medications that increase potassium levels, such as ACE inhibitors 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
  • Renal insufficiency: Spironolactone can worsen renal function, particularly in patients with pre-existing renal disease 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.
  • Dehydration: Dehydration can increase the risk of hyperkalemia and renal insufficiency in patients taking spironolactone 2.
  • Diabetes: Patients with diabetes are at higher risk of developing hyperkalemia and renal insufficiency when taking spironolactone 2, 3.
  • Older age: Older patients are at higher risk of developing hyperkalemia and renal insufficiency when taking spironolactone 2, 3.
  • Worsening heart failure: Patients with worsening heart failure are at higher risk of developing hyperkalemia and renal insufficiency when taking spironolactone 2.
  • Combination with other medications: Spironolactone should be used with caution when combined with other medications that can increase potassium levels or worsen renal function, such as beta-blockers and thiazide diuretics 3, 4, 5.

Patient Characteristics that Increase the Risk of Contraindications

• Patients with the following characteristics are at higher risk of developing contraindications when taking spironolactone:
  • Older age 2, 3
  • Diabetes 2, 3
  • Renal insufficiency 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
  • Dehydration 2
  • Worsening heart failure 2
  • Combination with other medications that increase potassium levels or worsen renal function 3, 4, 5

Monitoring and Dose Adjustment

• Patients taking spironolactone should be closely monitored for signs of hyperkalemia and renal insufficiency, including:
  • Serum potassium levels 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
  • Serum creatinine levels 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
  • Renal function 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
• The dose of spironolactone should be adjusted based on the patient's response to treatment and the presence of any contraindications 2, 3, 4, 5, 6.