From the Guidelines
The patient should not breastfeed her infant due to multiple contraindications, primarily her active cocaine use, which is an absolute contraindication to breastfeeding as it can cause significant harm to the infant. Her active cocaine use is a major concern as cocaine passes into breast milk and can cause irritability, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, seizures, and potentially death in the infant 1. Additionally, her hepatitis C positive status poses a risk, as HCV can potentially be transmitted through breastfeeding, especially if there are cracked or bleeding nipples, although the risk is considered low by some guidelines 2. While her hepatitis B status (chronic carrier with undetectable viral load) would not alone contraindicate breastfeeding given that the infant has received appropriate prophylaxis with HBIG and vaccination, her ongoing substance abuse is the primary concern. The patient should be counseled on the dangers of cocaine use while caring for an infant and referred to substance abuse treatment. She should also receive education about safe formula feeding practices and be linked with appropriate follow-up care for both her hepatitis B and C infections. Social services involvement may be beneficial to ensure the safety and well-being of both the infant and mother. Her history of previous lactational mastitis is not a contraindication to breastfeeding but would require close monitoring if breastfeeding were otherwise appropriate. According to the most recent guidelines, breastfeeding is not contraindicated in women with HCV, except in the case of bleeding or cracked nipples 2, but the patient's cocaine use takes precedence as a contraindication.
Some key points to consider in the management of this patient include:
- The importance of addressing her substance abuse issue to ensure the safety of both the mother and the infant.
- The need for close monitoring and follow-up care for her hepatitis B and C infections.
- Education on safe formula feeding practices as an alternative to breastfeeding.
- Potential involvement of social services to support the well-being of the infant and mother.
- The patient's previous history of lactational mastitis, which, while not a contraindication to breastfeeding, would necessitate careful monitoring if breastfeeding were considered safe in the absence of other contraindications.
Given the complexities of this case, including the patient's substance abuse and infectious disease status, a multidisciplinary approach to her care, including obstetrics, hepatology, infectious disease, and social services, would be beneficial to ensure the best possible outcomes for both the patient and her infant. The most recent and highest quality study on the topic of hepatitis C in pregnancy recommends against altering standard breastfeeding counseling based on HCV status alone, unless there are specific concerns such as cracked or bleeding nipples 3, but this does not supersede the contraindication posed by the patient's cocaine use.
From the FDA Drug Label
Nursing Mothers Limited published data based on breast milk sampling reports that clindamycin appears in human breast milk in the range of less than 0.5 to 3. 8 mcg/mL at dosages of 150 mg orally to 600 mg intravenously. Clindamycin has the potential to cause adverse effects on the breastfed infant's gastrointestinal flora. If oral or intravenous clindamycin is required by a nursing mother, it is not a reason to discontinue breastfeeding, but an alternate drug may be preferred Monitor the breastfed infant for possible adverse effects on the gastrointestinal flora, such as diarrhea, candidiasis (thrush, diaper rash) or rarely, blood in the stool indicating possible antibiotic-associated colitis
The patient can breastfeed while taking clindamycin, but it is recommended to monitor the breastfed infant for possible adverse effects on the gastrointestinal flora, such as diarrhea, candidiasis, or blood in the stool 4.
From the Research
Patient's Postoperative Course and Treatment
- The patient is being treated with intravenous gentamicin and clindamycin for endometritis, which is a common complication after cesarean delivery 5.
- The combination of gentamicin and clindamycin is an appropriate treatment for endometritis, and regimens with activity against penicillin-resistant anaerobic bacteria are more effective than those without 5, 6.
- The patient's treatment regimen is consistent with the findings of a study that compared the efficacy of gentamicin and clindamycin given once daily versus every 8 hours, which found no difference in treatment success between the two regimens 7.
Patient's Hepatitis Status and Cocaine Use
- The patient is positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and hepatitis C virus antibody, which indicates that she has a chronic hepatitis B infection and has been exposed to hepatitis C virus 8.
- The patient's cocaine use is a concern, as it can increase the risk of hepatitis C transmission and exacerbate liver disease 8.
- Cocaine use has also been linked to cardiovascular disease, including myocardial infarction, arrhythmia, and heart failure, and can increase the risk of sudden cardiac death 9.
Breastfeeding and Cocaine Use
- The patient's history of lactational mastitis and difficulty breastfeeding her first child may be a concern, but there is no direct evidence to suggest that her current treatment regimen or hepatitis status would preclude breastfeeding.
- However, the patient's cocaine use is a significant concern, as it can be passed to the infant through breast milk and may have adverse effects on the infant's health.